Plant Parts And Photosynthesis

Front 1

Where do light reactions occur?
Where do dark reactions occur?

Back 1

Light reactions: thalykoids
Dark reactions: stroma

Front 2

What occurs in the light reactions?

Back 2

1. Light knocks e- from the chlorophyll and sends it down the ETC to ATP
2. Splits H2O into O, 2H+, and 2e-
3. The NADP+ picks up a H+ and forms NADPH
4. O2 is a waste product

Front 3

What occurs in the dark reactions?

Back 3

1. CO2 enters stomata
2. RuBP attaches to CO2
3. ATP & Enzymes optimize reaction
4. H+ is dropped off
5. Three cycles later... GLUCOSE!

Front 4

What is the formula for photosynthesis?

Back 4

6CO2 + 6H2O reacts in the presence of light to form C6H12O6 + 6O2

Front 5

What are autotrophs?

Back 5

Organisms that make their own food

Front 6

What are heterotrophs?

Back 6

Organisms that do not make their own food but instead eat other things

Front 7

What is the energy cycle?

Back 7

- Sun's energy converted to chemical energy via photosynthesis in autotrophs
- Heterotrophs eat this and release energy via cellular respiration
- Autotrophs also use cellular respiration to get energy

Front 8

Plants have what pigments inside chloroplasts?

Back 8

chlorophyll and carotenoids

Front 9

Radient energy is made of _______.

Back 9

Photons

Front 10

A wavelength = a "_____"

Back 10

color

Front 11

Name these parts of the chloroplast:
1. The individual "coins"
2. The "stacks" of "coins"
3. The "goo" it is all suspended in

Back 11

1. Thylakoids
2. Granum
3. Stroma

Front 12

Please define pigments.

Back 12

Molecules that absorb certain wavelengths of light.

Front 13

The wavelengths of light we see are the ones that are _________.

Back 13

Reflected

Front 14

Chlorophyll reflects _____ wavelengths.

Back 14

Green

Front 15

Plants have accessory pigments in addition to chlorophyll. The main pigments besides chlorophyll are ___________.

Back 15

Carotinoids

Front 16

What colors are carotenoids?

Back 16

Orange, yellow, and brown

Front 17

Photosynthetic pigments are clustered in areas of the grana called ____________.

Back 17

Photosystems

Front 18

Most plants have ___ photosystems.

Back 18

two (called Photosystem I and Photosystem II)

Front 19

What are some other names for the Light Independent Reactions?

Back 19

1. Calvin Cycle
2. Dark Reactions
3. Carbon Fixation

Front 20

List everything that occurs in photosynthesis. This is a long one, you may want a sheet of paper to organize your thoughts.

Back 20

Light Independent Reactions:
1. Sunlight hits Chlorophyll
2. This energy knocks electrons from chlorophyll
3. Bounce along ETC, freeing ATP
4. Water molecules split into 2 Hydrogen Ions, an Oxygen molecule, and 2 electrons per water molecule
5. Oxygen from the water is released into the air as a waste product
6. Hydrogen atoms are picked up by NADP+ (an enzyme), which turns into NADPH after picking up the Hydrogen
7. NADPH carries the hydrogen to the next step, where it releases it and turns back into NADP+

Light Dependent Reactions:
1. CO2 from the air enters the cycle from the stomata and combines with carbon molecules already present (RuBP)
2. The energy (ATP) and hydrogen (NADPH) from the light dependent reactions are used to give the new carbon molecules more energy (ATP then becomes ADP and NADPH becomes NADP+ and both go back to the light reactions to start the process over)
3. Some of the molecules are used to produce sugars (glucose), lipids, amino acids, and other compounds the plant needs.
4. The leftover carbon molecules join with the new CO2 coming in

Front 21

Where does the CO2 in photosynthesis come from?

Back 21

The air

Front 22

Where does the H2O in photosynthesis come from?

Back 22

The Ground

Front 23

Where does the Carbon in photosynthesis come from?

Back 23

The CO2

Front 24

Where does our oxygen come from?

Back 24

Water

Front 25

What is RuBP?

Back 25

A 5-carbon sugar

Front 26

What are the three things necessary for the Calvin Cycle to occur?

Back 26

1. CO2 from the stomata
2. Hydrogen from the split water
3. ATP Energy from the light reactions

Front 27

What are the products of the light dependent reactions?

Back 27

1. Oxygen - waste product
2. NADPH - carries Hydrogen
3. ATP - carries energy

Front 28

What is the ancestor of plants?

Back 28

Algae

Front 29

What are the three reasons algae is not considered a plant?

Back 29

1. Never adapted to live on land
2. Completely dependent on water for fertilization, nutrient absorption, and gas exchange
3. All cells go through photosynthesis (no specialization)

Front 30

What are two similarities between algae and plants?

Back 30

1. Both have cell walls made of cellulose
2. Both undergo photosynthesis

Front 31

What are the most common simple plants?

Back 31

Mosses

Front 32

Mosses and several other small plants are ___________.

Back 32

Nonvascular (no tubes to transport materials)

Front 33

How do materials move from cell to cell in nonvascular plants?

Back 33

Osmosis and Diffusion

Front 34

Simple plants live near _____.

Back 34

Water (so they can absorb nutrients from it)

Front 35

Vascular plants inhabit a wide variety of __________.

Back 35

ecosystems

Front 36

Nonvascular plants tend to grow much _______ then vascular plants.

Back 36

Smaller

Front 37

Vascular tissues provide ___1___ and lessen dependency on __2__.

Back 37

1. Support
2. Water

Front 38

Name four characteristics of plants.

Back 38

1. All are multicellular
2. All have cell walls
3. All undergo photosynthesis
4. Most have roots, stems, and leaves

Front 39

_____ are the first organ to emerge from a germinated seed.

Back 39

Roots

Front 40

Roots transport _____ and ________ from the soil to the rest of the plant.

Back 40

1. Water
2. Minerals

Front 41

Roots anchor the plant into the ground.

Back 41

This is important, but the only questions I could make out of it were quite easy.

Front 42

The tip of the root is the ____ ___.

Back 42

Root cap

Front 43

The ____ ___ provides protection as the root forces its way down through soil particles.

Back 43

Root cap

Front 44

The tissue made of cells that constantly undergo mitosis is called the ______ ________.

Back 44

Apical meristem

Front 45

The ______ ________ is the reigon of root growth.

Back 45

Apical meristem

Front 46

The outgrowth of a single epidermal cell that increases the surface area of roots to allow for more water and nutrient absorption is the ____ ____.

Back 46

Root hair

Front 47

The stem is the main ____ of the plant.

Back 47

axis

Front 48

The stem produces and supports ______ so that they are exposed to sunlight.

Back 48

Leaves

Front 49

Stems contain a ________ ______ for the transportation of water, nutrients, and food.

Back 49

vascular system

Front 50

The stem contains the ____-like vascular tissues in _______.

Back 50

1. tube
2. bundles

Front 51

The _____ moves water and nutrients __ from the roots to the rest of the plant.

Back 51

1. Xylem
2. Up

Front 52

The ______ moves water and nutrients ____ from the leaves to the rest of the plant.

Back 52

1. Phloem
2. Down

Front 53

Buds produce ______ or _______.

Back 53

1. Leaves
2. Flowers

Front 54

_________, AKA Pith, is ____. This is why living trees can be ______.

Back 54

1. Heartwood
2. Dead
3.Hollow

Front 55

______ are the primary site of photosynthesis.

Back 55

Leaves

Front 56

Vascular tissue extends from the ____ to the ______ to continue _________.

Back 56

1. Stem
2. Leaves
3. Transport

Front 57

The _________ layers protect the inner tissue from ________ ____ by covering it in a layer of ___ called the _______.

Back 57

1. epidermal
2. moisture loss
3. wax
4. cuticle

Front 58

the _________ layer, or ______ layer, is where photosynthesis occurs.

Back 58

1. mesophyll
2. spongy

Front 59

The lower surface of the leaf contains _______.

Back 59

stomata (openings which allow for gas exchange)

Front 60

_____ _____ control the opening and closing of _______.

Back 60

1. Guard cells
2. Stomata

Front 61

The dermal tissue system of a vascular plant does what?

Back 61

serves as an outer, protective coat.

Front 62

Guard cells bend when cells are ______.

Back 62

Turgid

Front 63

Apical meristems located at the tips of stems and roots produce _______ growth.

Back 63

primary

Front 64

Plants obtain mineral nutrients from the ____.

Back 64

soil

Front 65

In addition to the sun, what two reactants are integral to photosynthesis?

Back 65

CO2 and Water

Front 66

What factor is most influential in determining color change in leaves?

Back 66

Length of Autumn nights.

Front 67

____________ reflect red, ______, and ____ light.

Back 67

1. Anthocyanins
2. Purple
3. Blue

Front 68

___________ reflect yellow, ______, and _____ light.

Back 68

1. Carotinoids
2. Orange
3. Brown

Front 69

Anthocyanins are produced in response to _____ and excess _____.

Back 69

1. Light
2. Sugar

Front 70

What is the color the leaves of a tree turn determined by?

Back 70

The species of tree

Front 71

What are the amount and brillance of colors seen in autumn mainly influenced by?

Back 71

Temperature and moisture

Front 72

What conditions are best for sugar, and therefore anthocyanin, production?

Back 72

Warm sunny days with cool, crisp but not freezing nights.

Front 73

Why can evergreen trees survive the winter?

Back 73

They are protected by a heavy wax coating.

Front 74

When will the rate of photosynthesis level off?

Back 74

When the light dependent reactions are saturated with light energy and are proceeding as rapidly as possible.

Front 75

Why can too much light damage plants?

Back 75

Chlorophyll will accumulate energy faster then it can transfer it to the ETC. Some of the energy passes to O2 molecules. The O2 may react with water to from hydroxyl ions (OH-) or Hydrogen Peroxide (H2O2). These substances can damage chloroplasts by reacting with pigments and proteins. The resulting decline in photosynthesis is called photoinhibition.

Front 76

Adding more carbon dioxide beyond the __________ _____ of a plant does not affect it.

Back 76

Saturation point

Front 77

What are the top five nutrients plants need to survive?

Back 77

1. Nitrogen
2. Phosphorus
3. Potassium
4. Magnesium
5. Sulfur

Front 78

What is the factor in shortest supply known as?

Back 78

the limiting factor

Front 79

What is the ideal amount of water for a plant?

Back 79

It varies depending on the type of plant and the environment it is adapted to survive in.