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149 Cards in this Set
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- Back
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Campanulate |
Bell-shaped, flower with a wide tube and flared petal tips |
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Funnel-form |
flower that widens gradually from the base, ending in an open or flared shape |
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Salverform |
flower with long, thin tube that widens suddenly into a flat-faced flower |
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Tubular |
flower with long, straight, thin, straight-sided tube formed of united petals, often separating at the mouth into a flared shape |
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Urceolate |
flower in which the petals are fused into almost enclosed globe shape, separating at the mouth into individual flared petals |
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Cruciform |
flower with four petals at right angles to one another |
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Bilabiate |
flower divided into upper "hood" and lower flattened platform |
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Papilionaceous |
having large upper petals called the standard, two large side petals called wings, and two lower petals often fused together called the keel |
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Ligulate |
flower with one large, long, thin petal, look like single petals but are individual flowers |
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Spurred |
with an extension of spur that often produces nectaries |
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Stellate |
flower with many narrow petals arising/radiating separately from a central point |
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Coronate |
with a corona, corona being a short cylindrical modification of the corolla/a ring tissue arising from the corolla |
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Sepal |
outer floral envelope, usually at base of flower, protects bud |
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Calyx |
collective term for fused sepals, lowest portion on receptacle |
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Petals |
inner floral envelops surrounding the reproductive organs, generally pigmented to attract pollinators |
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Corolla |
collective term for fused petals, interior to the sepals |
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Perianth |
collective term for all members of the floral envelope (includes petals and sepals) |
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Carpel |
female reproductive organ, has 3 parts |
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ovary |
swollen basal portion of pistil containing ovules |
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style |
neck of a pistil supporting the stigma |
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stigma |
apical portion of pistil that receives pollen |
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ovule |
immature seed, located in the ovary |
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Stamen |
male reproductive organ, composed of two parts |
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anther |
stalk of a stamen |
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filament |
top of the stamen, location of pollen |
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receptacle |
the portion of the pedicel upon which the flowers are borne |
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pedicel |
stalk of an individual flower or fruit |
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peduncle |
stalk of an inflorescence |
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terminal flowers |
flower/inflorescence borne on tip/end of shoot |
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axillary flowers |
flower/inflorescence borne in the axils of leaf and shoot |
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bracts |
modified leaf-like structure below a flower |
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spathe |
an enlarged bract |
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involucre |
whorl of bracts beneath a flower cluster |
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imbricate |
overlapping like shingles on a roof or fish scales |
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Complete flower |
Must contain: sepal, petal, stamen, pistil |
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Perfect flowers |
Must contain: pistil, stamen |
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Incomplete flowers |
Are missing one or more of the following: sepal, petal, stamen, pistil |
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Bisexual |
Flower contains: pistil, stamen |
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Hermaphroditic |
Flower contains: pistil, stamen |
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Pistillate/Carpellate |
Flower missing its stamen |
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Staminate |
Flower missing its pistil |
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monoecious |
staminate and pistillate flowers occur on the same individual |
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dioecious |
staminate and pistillate flowers occur on separate plants |
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polygamo-monoecious/trimonecious |
species that have individuals with both bisexual and unisexual flowers on the same plant |
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polygamo-dioecious |
species that have individuals with staminate flowers and individuals with pistillate flowers, but either one or both individuals occasionally have some perfect flowers |
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trioecious |
species where different individuals are staminate, pistillate, or bisexual |
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Superior ovary |
floral parts fuse below the ovary |
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Inferior ovary |
floral parts fused on or above the ovary |
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determinate |
inflorescence axis ends in a flower, halting elongation of the axis |
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indeterminate |
inflorescence axis ends in meristematic tissue which continues to grow and form lateral flowers |
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dichasia |
one unit of a cyme, shortened central flower and two lateral flowers on elongated pedicels, 3 flowers total |
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cyme |
series of pedicels in branches of three, shortened central flower and two lateral flowers on elongated pedicels |
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raceme |
elongated inflorescence with stalked flowers |
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corymb |
inflorescence with lower pedicels longer than the upper ones |
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spike |
elongated inflorescence with sessile flowers |
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verticillaster |
a false whorl of opposed cymes, two cymes on opposite sides of a stem |
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panicle |
branched, racemous inflorescence (grasses) |
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spadix |
flowers crowded and sunken onto a thickened rachis |
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catkin |
racemous inflorescence, drops as a unit |
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umbel |
involucrate (whorl of bracts) inflorescence with all pedicels arising from the same point |
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head |
involucrate (whorl of bracts) inflorescenceof sessile flowers arising at the same point |
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cauliflorous |
flowers and fruits are borne from their main stems or woody trunks |
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single flower |
typical flower containing sex parts in the center, surrounded by one or two rows of petals/sepals/bracts |
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semi-double |
a type of flower, often sterile, which has double the normal amount of petals, arranged in 2-3 rows |
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double flower |
a flower with more than the normal number of petals/sepals/bracts, in most cases petals replace stamens |
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ray flowers |
most obvious florets in the outer edge of a disk flower, the 'petals' |
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disk flower |
central/inner florets on a disk flower, in the 'head' |
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actinomorphic |
has radial symmetry |
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zygomorphic |
has bilateral symmetry |
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solitary flower |
occurring singly and not borne in a cluster or group |
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scape |
leafless peduncle arising from ground level in acualascent plants |
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nut |
one seeded fruit with a hard outer wall |
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capsule |
hard, dry, dehiscent (seeds release) fruit which splits along two or more seams |
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samara |
dry, indehiscent (seed does not release) winged fruit containing a single seed |
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pod |
dry, thin-walled dehiscent (seeds release) fruit with one or more seeds |
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follicle |
dry, often pod-like fruit that splits along a single seam |
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drupe |
indehiscent (seed does not release) pulpy or dry fruit with usually one hard, bony stone at its center that contains one or more seeds |
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cone |
central axis encompassed by numerous woody scales |
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arils |
single hard seed with red, fleshy, cuplike cover |
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multiple fruit |
fruit develops from many individual flowers along a common inflorescence, fuse as they grow |
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berry |
fleshy fruit produced from single ovary, most common fruit |
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blade |
broad expanded part of the leaf |
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petiole |
leaf stalk |
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stipule |
leaf-like appendages found at base of petiole |
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alternate |
one leaf borne per node |
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opposite |
two leaves borne per node, leaves opposite on twig |
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whorled |
three or more leaves per node |
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sub-opposite |
pair of leaves close but not on the same level on the stem |
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decussate |
leaves in pairs with each adjacent pair at right angles |
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acaulescent |
stemless herbaceous plant, leaves appear as basal rosette |
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sheathing leaf |
tissue that partially surrounds another organ, sheathing it |
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sessile |
without a petiole |
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decurrent |
extending down the stem, as in leaf tissue |
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simple |
undivided or uninterrupted leaf blade |
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compound |
leaf blade divided into two or more segments |
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decompound |
leaves more than once pinnately compound |
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leaflet |
one 'leaf section' on compound leaf |
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rachis |
main axis of compound leaf or inflorescence from which leaflets or flowers are borne |
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petiolule |
stalk of the leaflet |
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bud |
undeveloped shoot or flower |
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pinnately compound |
compound leaf with leaflets distributed on both sides of the rachis |
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even pinnately |
even number of leaflets, NO terminal leaf |
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odd pinnately |
odd number of leaflets, ends in terminal leaf |
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palmately |
compound leaf with all leaflets attached at the apex of the petiole |
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trifoliate |
compound leaf with three leaflets |
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needle (leaf type) |
needle shaped |
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cordate (leaf type) |
heart shaped |
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deltoid (leaf type) |
triangular shaped |
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elliptic (leaf type) |
shaped like an ellipse, broadest in the middle and narrower at the ends |
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falcate (leaf type) |
sickle-shaped, hooked |
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fan-shaped (leaf type) |
fan-shaped |
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ovate (leaf type) |
egg-shaped, attached at broad end |
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linear (leaf type) |
very elongated leaf, long and narrow with more or less parallel sides |
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reniform (leaf type) |
kidney-shaped |
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oblong (leaf type) |
elongate leaf with nearly parallel sides, two to four times longer than broad |
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obovate (leaf type) |
inverted egg-shape, attached at narrow end |
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orbicular (leaf type) |
circular |
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sagittate (leaf type) |
arrowhead-shaped with basal lobes directed downward |
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lanceolate (leaf type) |
lance or spear shaped, longer than it is wide, widest point below the middle |
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ciliate (margin) |
with marginal fringe of hairs |
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crenate (margin) |
rounded teeth along the margin, scalloped |
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dentate (margin) |
margin with large, blunt teeth, teeth directed outward rather than forward |
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entire (margin) |
smooth margins, no notching/divisions |
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revolute (margin) |
margins rolled backwards toward the underside of leaf |
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serrate (margin) |
saw-like teeth on margin with teeth pointing forward |
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doubly serrate (margin) |
doubly serrate, teeth have teeth |
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undulate (margin) |
wavy margin |
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spiny (margin) |
main vein of tooth extends beyond leaf margin |
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lobed (margin) |
indentation in the margin at least 1/4 the distance from the margin to the primary/mid-vein |
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acuminate (tip) |
gradually tapering to a prolonged point |
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acute (tip) |
tapering to a pointed apex with more or less straight sides |
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retuse/emarginate (tip) |
with a notch at the apex |
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mucronate (tip) |
tipped with a short, sharp, abrupt point |
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obtuse (tip) |
rounded apex |
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attenuate (base) |
tapering to a narrow base, prolonged base |
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cordate (base) |
heart-shaped base |
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cuneate (base) |
wedge-shaped, pointed base |
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oblique (base) |
base with unequal sides |
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peltate (base) |
petiole attached to lower leaf surface rather than margin, leaf attaches in center |
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rounded (base) |
rounded leaf base |
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sagittate (base) |
arrowhead-shaped base with basal lobes directed downward |
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truncate (base) |
flattened base, cut-off, with the base square at the end |
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connate (base) |
leaf shaped as though the bases of two opposite leaves had fused around the stem |
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arcuate (veination) |
veins curved into an arch, veins follow leaf margin upward |
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palmately veined |
veins connected at a common point, like fingers on a hand |
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parallel (veination) |
main veins parallel to the leaf axis or each other |
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pinnately veined |
veins arranged on the opposite side of the mid-rib, extending to margin |
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reticulate (veination) |
network of veins, net-veined |
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dichotomous (veination) |
basal veins extend for a distance and then branch, forming a "Y" |
