Plant Morph

Front 1

The direction, or the gradient of light

Back 1

Allow a plant to grow or to orient its leaves towards a region of bright light

Front 2

The duration of light (length of the day) provides information about the time of the year

Back 2

Day length is an infallible indicator of season

Front 3

Roots that grow downward encounter?

Back 3

water and nutrients

Front 4

___ that grow upward encounter better conditions for photosynthesis, pollination and seed distribution
5

Back 4

shoots

Front 5

After a ___ touches an object, it grows around it, and finds support

Back 5

tendril

Front 6

Many flowers that have fused petals or carpels start with separate ___ that grow together and fuse, acting as a single unit

Back 6

primordia

Front 7

critically important ___ occur in plants during winter

Back 7

metabolism

Front 8

___ temperatures are required for normal flowering of biennial and many perennial plants

Back 8

cold

Front 9

Biennial plants require ____ to produce flowers

Back 9

vernalization

Front 10

____ turn and grow toward gravity, not toward water

Back 10

roots

Front 11

___ scarcity triggers specific adaptive responses

Back 11

water

Front 12

Production of the hormone ____ ___ (ABA) which causes guard cells to lose K+ and close stomatal pores

Back 12

absicisic acid

Front 13

It is a growth response oriented with regard to the stimulus

Back 13

tropic response

Front 14

A ____ tropism is growth toward the stimulus

Back 14

positive

Front 15

a ___ tropism is growth away from the stimulus

Back 15

negative

Front 16

____ is growth at an angle (e.g., branches and secondary roots)

Back 16

plagiotropism

Front 17

When touch is the stimulus, the response is ____ (e.g., tendrils)

Back 17

thigmotropism

Front 18

Pollen tubes of flowering plants may display positive ____

Back 18

chemotropism

Front 19

It is a stereotyped non-growth response that is not oriented with regard to the stimulus

Back 19

nastic responses

Front 20

___ response in Venus’ flytrap

Back 20

thigmonastic

Front 21

a ____ response based on the presence or absence of light

Back 21

photonastic

Front 22

Nastic movements are based on changes in ___ pressure (motor cells)

Back 22

turgor

Front 23

Also called morphogenetic response, causes a change in the “quality” of the plant

Back 23

morphogenic response

Front 24

This change occurs in the metabolism of a tissue or even the entire plant

Back 24

morphogenic response

Front 25

the induction to form flowers, the induction of dormant seeds to germinate, the induction of buds to become dormant

Back 25

morphogenic responses

Front 26

The formation of fibrous wood when a stem or branch is tilted and becomes stressed by gravity is a ___ response

Back 26

gravimorphogenic

Front 27

Conversion from the vegetative to the floral condition is a common ____ response

Back 27

photomorphogenic

Front 28

Is a response in which a cell swims toward a stimulus

Back 28

positive taxis

Front 29

Is a response in which a cell swims away from a stimulus

Back 29

negative taxis

Front 30

In plants like mosses, ferns, cycads, and Ginkgo, sperm cells swim to egg cells by following a chemical gradient

Back 30

chemotaxis

Front 31

___ allows them to swim toward light for photosynthesis or away from light that is too intense

Back 31

phototaxis

Front 32

1.environmental or physiological signal...2.receptor..3.signal transduction pathway...4.response

Back 32

components of signal transduction

Front 33

ex of environmental or physiological signal

Back 33

environmental: light, temp, or touch...physiological:hormone, nutrient

Front 34

ex of receptor

Back 34

receptor kinase, g-protein-coupled receptor

Front 35

ex of signal transduction pathway

Back 35

kinase, calcium,lipids, pH

Front 36

ex of response

Back 36

gene expression, cytoskeleton, enzyme activity

Front 37

Low temperature for ____ appears to be detected by buds

Back 37

vernalization

Front 38

In root caps, statocytes have statoliths, that sink in response to ___

Back 38

gravity

Front 39

The site of ____ is tentatively assumed to be site of transduction

Back 39

perception

Front 40

where the stimulus is converted into a form that can be transmitted and trigger a reaction at a response site

Back 40

transduction

Front 41

Two factors are important in perception and transduction

Back 41

presentation time and threshold

Front 42

is the length of time the stimulus must be present for the perceptive cells to react and complete transduction

Back 42

presentation time

Front 43

a root must lie on its side long enough for statoliths to sink to the new bottom of the cell

Back 43

presentation time for gravitropism

Front 44

refers to the level of stimulus that must be present during the presentation time to cause perception and transduction

Back 44

threshold

Front 45

In an ___ response, after the threshold and presentation time requirements are met, the stimulus is no longer important; the response is completely internal (e.g., poinsettia)

Back 45

all or none

Front 46

___ responses, the amount or duration of the stimulus affects the amount or duration of the response (e.g., turnip, some varieties of cotton, potato

Back 46

dosage-dependent

Front 47

____ ____ are organic chemicals produced in one part of the plant and then transported to other parts, where they initiate a response

Back 47

plant hormones

Front 48

The first plant hormone discovered

Back 48

auxin

Front 49

identified as being indoleacetic acid (IAA)

Back 49

auxin

Front 50

The most active centers of ___ synthesis are SAM, young leaves, and fruits

Back 50

auxin

Front 51

___is present in root tips, but it is believed to be transported there from the shoot

Back 51

auxin

Front 52

In addition to hormone transport in the phloem, a second mechanism exists for auxin only: ____ ___

Back 52

polar transport

Front 53

In shoots and leaves, auxin moves ___– from apex to the base of the plant

Back 53

basipetally

Front 54

In roots, auxin moves ___ toward the root apex

Back 54

acropetally

Front 55

what is cytokinins

Back 55

plant hormone

Front 56

___, the first one discovered, is an artificial cytokinin

Back 56

kinetin

Front 57

wat are gibberellins

Back 57

plant hormone

Front 58

could easily be obtained from fungi

Back 58

gibberellic acid

Front 59

___ and ___are more active and important in plants

Back 59

GA1 and GA19

Front 60

___ is involved in many types of stress resistance

Back 60

ABA (abscisic acid)

Front 61

___ causes guard cells to close stomatal pores under water-stress conditions

Back 61

aba

Front 62

___ is the only gaseous plant hormone, and it has the simplest structure

Back 62

ethylene

Front 63

has effects during fruit development

Back 63

ethylene

Front 64

Fruits such as apple, avocado, banana, mango, and tomato are ___ fruits

Back 64

climacteric

Front 65

ripen slowly as they mature, but numerous developmental changes occur rapidly in the final stages

Back 65

climacteric fruits

Front 66

In ____ fruits such as cherry, lemon, and orange, ethylene does not stimulate its own production

Back 66

nonclimacteric

Front 67

Are complex chemicals involved in leaf morphogenesis, root and stem growth and vascular differentiation

Back 67

Brassinosteroids

Front 68

It is involved in defense against animals and fungi

Back 68

jasmonic acid

Front 69

It is related to aspirin (acetyl salicylic acid), it is involved in resistance to pathogens (virus)

Back 69

Salicylic acid

Front 70

involved in plant-insect interactions (e.g., aphids)

Back 70

salicylic acid

Front 71

___ are carotenoid-derived hormones

Back 71

strigolactones

Front 72

Endogenous ____ or related compounds inhibit shoot branching in plants

Back 72

strigolactones

Front 73

____ trigger the germination of mycorrhizal fungus spores and seeds of parasitic plants

Back 73

strigolactones

Front 74

It is hypothesized that ___ symbiosis helped the terrestrial plants to make the transition to the land

Back 74

AM

Front 75

____= small tree

Back 75

ARBUSCULUM

Front 76

___= fungus

Back 76

MYCOS

Front 77

‘___= root

Back 77

RHIZA

Front 78

___ fungi are members of the Glomeromycota

Back 78

AM

Front 79

Phosphate and nitrogen are provided by the ___ fungus in exchange for carbon

Back 79

AM

Front 80

___-type: form dichotomously branched arbuscules

Back 80

ARUM

Front 81

___-type: form coil-like branched arbuscules

Back 81

PARIS

Front 82

Fungi secret ___that helps with soil aggregation

Back 82

GLOMALIN

Front 83

___fungi forms a special type of appressoria (plural) called hyphopodia that develop from mature hyphae (plural)

Back 83

AM

Front 84

Plant cells produce a pre-penetration apparatus

Back 84

PPA

Front 85

A fungal hypha (sing.) enters the ___, which guides the fungus through the root cells toward the inner cortex

Back 85

PPA

Front 86

Perception of ___ fungal triggers early signal transduction (7 components)

Back 86

AM

Front 87

___ give up mineral
nutrient

Back 87

FUNGI

Front 88

Biological fixation of nitrogen is the prokaryotic conversion of molecular nitrogen to ___

Back 88

AMMONIA

Front 89

Nitrogen fixation requires ___ conditions

Back 89

ANAEROBIC

Front 90

Symbiotic nitrogen-fixing bacteria reside within ____

Back 90

NODULES

Front 91

Gram negative bacteria: ___

Back 91

RHIZOBIUM

Front 92

Forms symbiosis with the Fabaceae plant family

Back 92

RHIZOBIUM

Front 93

The bacteria provide ____(NH3/NH4+) and the plant provides nutrients and carbohydrates

Back 93

NITROGEN

Front 94

Involves nodule organogenesis

Back 94

RHIZOBIUM SYMBIOSIS

Front 95

Plant genes specific to nodules are called ___ (Nod) genes

Back 95

NODULIN

Front 96

Rhizobial genes that participate in nodule formation are called ____ (nod) genes

Back 96

NODULATION

Front 97

Nodules contain an oxygen-binding heme protein called ___

Back 97

LEGHEMOGLOBIN

Front 98

It is present in the cytoplasm of infected nodule cells at high concentration and gives the nodules a pink color

Back 98

LEGHEMOGLOBIN

Front 99

Its function is to help transport O2 to the respiring symbiotic bacterial cells

Back 99

LEGHEMOGLOBIN

Front 100

The ____ uses a specialized electron transport chain with an oxidase that has high affinity for O2

Back 100

BACTEROID

Front 101

The perception of Nod factors by the plant triggers several ___ symbiosis responses

Back 101

EARLY

Front 102

Ion fluxes, calcium spiking, root hair deformation, cortical cell division, and formation of an infection thread that guides the bacteria to the emerging ___

Back 102

PRIMORDIUM

Front 103

A hypothetical scheme is proposed for the nod-factor ___ process

Back 103

INDEPENDENT

Front 104

Cortex cells differentiate and start dividing, forming a distinct area, called a nodule ____, from which the nodule develops

Back 104

PRIMORDIUM

Front 105

The bacteria stops dividing and differentiate/enlarge into nitrogen-fixing endosymbiotic organelles called ___

Back 105

BACTEROIDS

Front 106

The membrane surrounding the bacteroids is called ___ membrane

Back 106

PERIBACTEROID

Front 107

___ display various shapes: round (e), collaroid (f), or elongated (g)

Back 107

NODULES

Front 108

___ factors are highly specific and active at very low concentrations

Back 108

NOD

Front 109

___ factors induce cellular and molecular responses in different cell layers

Back 109

NOD

Front 110

Chemicals (EMS) or Gamma ray irradiation on seeds

Back 110

MUTAGENESIS

Front 111

The ___ plants are from the mutagenized seeds

Back 111

M1