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35 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are minerals?
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These are naturally-occurring inorganic elements and compounds
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What are the sources of C,H and O?
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CO2 and H2O
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Wat is it called when animals eat dirt?
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Geophagy
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What are the criteria for essential minerals?
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1. are necessary for normal development
and reproduction through a full life cycle (i.e., absence prevents normal growth or reproduction) 2. restoration of growth/reproduction occurs only with that element (i.e., no substitute will suffice) 3. must be taken up by the plant and used internally |
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What are some methods of determining essentiality for minerals?
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Hydroponics-Grow plant in a defined mineral solution, in the absence of soil
Study chemical composition of plants -Endodermis doesn't exclude all minerals |
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What essential mineral is used in amino acids (proteins), nucleic acids (DNA/RNA), chlorophyll?
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Nitrogen
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What essential mineral is used in
ATP, nucleic acids (DNA/RNA) & other sugar,phosphates, phospholipids, etc. |
Phosphate
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What essential mineral is used in amino acids (methionine & cysteine), Coenzyme A, Fe-S clusters involved in photosynthesis?
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Sulfur
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What essential mineral is used in main cation in cells (osmotic levels in cytoplasm –turgor), enzyme activation
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Potassium
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What essential mineral is used in secondary messenger, enzyme regulation, cell wall
(middle lamella), affects membranes |
Calcium
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What essential mineral is used in chlorophyll, enzyme activation, nucleic acid
metabolism,RNA/ribosome structure |
Magnesium
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What essential mineral is used in chlorophyll synthesis, cytochromes, Fe-S clusters
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Iron
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What essential mineral is used in plastocyanin (electron transfer in photosynthesis)
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Copper
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What essential mineral is used in chlorophyll synthesis, necessary for some
enzymes (oxidases) |
Manganese
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What essential mineral is used in activates enzymes, transcription
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Zinc
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What essential mineral is used for nitrate reductase?
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Molybdenum
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What are the two essential minerals with unknown functions?
-Release O2 -Carb transport |
Chlorine
Boron |
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These are other minerals that are not essential but are used in other functions, where are these minerals
Sodium Silicon Selenium |
Sodium in mangroves and salt marsh plants
Silicon in grass and glandular trichomes Selenium is found in locoweed |
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What are five soil components?
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Organisms
Water Air Inorganic Paticles(weathering) Organic materials(decay_ |
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What are these soil particle catergories?
Coarse Fine Silt Clay |
-.2-2.0mm
-.02-.2mm -,002-.02mm less than .002mm or 2 micrometers |
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What are the two types of soil?
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Organic
-Peat not too decomposed -Muck greater decomposed Mineral(Humus-5%organic material) -Cellulose ---Binds up cations ---Provide surface area for H2O retention ---Reduces packing |
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How is acidification obtained in soil?
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CO2 released forming H2CO3
Protons release via H-ATPase Decay of organic matter |
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There are three types of soils that have pH characteristics?
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Acid soils (pH 3.5-5)
Agriculture(pH5-7) Alkaline(7-9) |
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What mineral are more soluble at high pH?
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Mb
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What minerals are more soluble at low pH?
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Fe, Zn, Mn, and Cu
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When minerals are assimilated into organic compounds which go unchanged, anions or cations?
Where do the changes happen? |
Cations
Changes in the anion happen in the leaves |
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How is phosphorus and sulfur incorporated into organic compounds?
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Phosphorus in incorporated as phosphate in soil
Sulfur is incorporated as sulfate within chloroplasts, and will first be incorporated into aa cysteine |
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Explain the steps as to how nitrogen is assimilated into the plant?
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Nitrate is first assimilated
NO3-+2e-+2H+-----------NO2- + H2O -The enzyme doing this is done by nitrate reductase -Forms Nitrite -The electrons came from NADH or FADH2 Nitrite NO2- + 6e- + 8H+--------NH4+ + 2H2O -Nitrite reductase does this process -Electrons come from Ferredoxin in leaves -NO ATP IS COSUMED BUT IS EXPENSIVE BECAUSE FERREDOXIN/NADH/FADH2 is used up!!!! |
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How is nitrate reductase regulated?
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Upregulated-Sugar, lights, Nitrate
Downregulated- Ammonia and amino acids |
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Ammonium is highly reactive so what will happen?
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NH4+ + ATP + Glutamate -------Glutamine +ADP
=Gluatmine synthetase |
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Describe what happens during Nitrogen Fixation?
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N2+ 12ATP + 6e- -------2NH4+ +12ADP
-Nitrogenase cannot function with oxygen -Rhizobum is a soil bacterium that can produce leghemoglobin ---takes away oxygen |
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What three ways do plants recycle nitrogen?
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Nucleases-degrade DNA/RNA into nucleotides
Decrease aa in aging plant parts Proteinases degrade proteins into aa |
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How do plants overcome the solubility issue?
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Chelation-bind metals and are soluble
Siderophores-binds Fe |
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What two methods bring minerals into roots?
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[] Gradient
Electrochemical gradient |
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What are the three categories of the transporters?
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Translocators (specific)
Ion channels (open at both end) Porins (less specific) |
