Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
173 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Land plants are also known as _______________ |
embryophytes |
|
three nonvascular plant phyla |
-liverworts -mosses -hornworts |
|
Phylum __________ are liverworts |
Phylum Hepatophyta |
|
Phylum __________ are mosses |
Phylum Bryophyta |
|
Phylum __________ are hornworts |
Phylum Anthocerophyta |
|
Innonvascular plants the (gametophyte/sporophyte) plant is the prominent lifecycle stage |
gametophyte |
|
In vascular plants the (gametophyte/sporophyte) plant is the prominent lifecycle stage |
sporophyte |
|
rhizoids |
-root-like structures analogous to true roots -found on the underside ofthe thallus and are thin, hair-like structures that anchor the thallus to and obtain nutrients fromthe substrate |
|
These are |
Livereworts |
|
Male/Female gametophytes? |
Male Gametophyte/Antheridiophores |
|
Male/Female gametophytes? |
female Gametophyte/Archegoniophores |
|
A? B? C? D? E? |
A- Rhizoids B- Thallus C- Gemmae Cups D-Female Gametophyte E- Male Gametophyte |
|
Antheridiophores |
- umbrella shaped structures -house antheridia |
|
Antheridia |
- embedded in the top of the antheridiophore -produce sperm via mitosis which swim toneighboring female gametophytes to fertilize eggs produced in archegonia. |
|
A? |
liverwort Archegonium with egg |
|
A? B? |
Liverwort A- Antheridium B- Sperm |
|
A? B? |
Liverwort A- Spores B- Sphorophyte |
|
A? |
Liverwort sphorophyte |
|
What is the structure show on the thallus and its function? |
Gemmae Cups Asexual Reproduction |
|
Fertilization in Liverworts |
sperm from antheridia swims to archegonia to fertilize egg |
|
The sporophyte will produce haploid spores via _________ |
meiosis |
|
What phyla? |
Phylum Anthocerophyta/Liverworts |
|
A? B? |
Moss A- sporangium B- sporophyte |
|
A? |
moss- Archegonia |
|
A? |
Liverwort Gemmae |
|
Difference in Liverworts and Hornworts -- chloroplasts |
Liverworts- many small chloroplast hornwort- one large cholorplast |
|
Difference in Liverworts and Hornworts -- stomata |
Liverworts- no stomata at all hornworts- only sporophyte has stomata |
|
all nonvascular plants are __________ |
seedless |
|
Vascular plants that do not produce seeds: |
Ferns |
|
Vascular plants that do produce seeds: |
Angiosperms and Gymnosperms |
|
Seed plants are ______________ |
heterosporous |
|
heterosporous |
sporophyte produces two kinds of spores:male and female spores |
|
nonvascular plants and seedless vascular plants are _________________ |
homosporous |
|
homosporous |
sporophyte only produces one type of spore |
|
left? Right? |
left-male gametophyte right- hermaphrodite gametophyte |
|
A? |
fern Antheridium |
|
B? |
Fern Archegonium |
|
|
fern sporophyte |
|
sorus |
is a cluster of sporangia on theunderside of a fern frond |
|
sporangia produces |
spores |
|
Ferns are a part of phyla____________ |
PHYLUM PTERIDOPHYTA |
|
?? |
Fern sori |
|
?? |
Sporangia that have been separated from the sorus and have opened releasing spores |
|
reproductive organs ofgymnosperms |
Cones |
|
microstrobila |
-male cones -contain microsporangia that produce microspores |
|
megastrobila |
female cones -contain megasporangia that produce megaspores |
|
|
microstrobila |
|
|
megastrobila |
|
pollen = |
microgametophytes |
|
A? B? C? D? |
A- Scale B- ovule C- Bract E-Megasporangium |
|
A? B? |
gymnosperm A-Microsporangium B- Pollen |
|
A? B? |
A- pollen B- pollen tube |
|
Cotyledons |
are seed leaves, which are embryonic structures in the seed that store and digest nutrients found within the seed |
|
monocots have flowerparts that are usually in multiples of |
three |
|
eudicots have flower parts that areusually in multiples of |
four or five |
|
Monocots |
have one cotyledon |
|
eudicots |
have two cotyledons |
|
monocots |
are usually narrow with parallel veins |
|
eudicots |
are usually broaders with netlike veins |
|
Petals |
specialized leaves that form a corolla |
|
Sepals |
are theouter leaves of the flower, are green, and protect the bud |
|
Tepals |
are sepals that areindistinguishable from petals |
|
receptacle |
is the point of attachment of theflower |
|
stamen |
the male structure of flower, made of anther and filament. |
|
anther |
contains microsporangia that will produce pollen |
|
filament |
stalk of thestamen |
|
carpel |
made of modified leaves that enclose the ovule and seed |
|
pistil |
composed of the stigma, style, ovule, ovary and fused carpel |
|
style |
the stalk of thepistil |
|
stigma |
the top surface of the style that receives the pollen grains. |
|
A? B? C? D? E? F? G? H? I? J? K? L? |
A- Stamen//B- Carpel C-Petal//D-Sepal E-Ovule//F-Anther G-Filament//H-Receptacle I-Pedicel//J-Stigma K-Style//L-Ovary |
|
A? B? C? D? E? F? |
A- Solitary B- Raceme C- Corymb D- Spike E- Capitulum/Head F- Spadix |
|
A? B? C? D? |
A- Umbel B- Compound Umbel C- Uniparous cyme D- Dichasial cyme |
|
3 groups of plant tissue systems |
vascular, dermal,and ground |
|
monocot/eudicot? |
eudicot |
|
monocot/eudicot? |
monocot |
|
The cells shown are _______ and the arrows are pointing towards __________ |
epidermal; stomata |
|
Parenchyma |
-part of ground tissue -composedof relatively unspecialized cellswith thin walls - used to store nutrientsand are involved with photosynthesis and other metabolic |
|
Collenchyma cells |
-part of ground tissue - elongated cells with thickened cell walls at the corners - flexible supporting cells that provide strength andflexibility to stems and other support structures and are alive at maturity |
|
Sclerenchyma |
-part of ground tissue - composed of thick-walled cells that provide support and give plants some rigidity - non-living at maturity -two types: fibers and sclereids |
|
vascular tissue system |
made of cell types that transport water and nutrientsthroughout the plant |
|
Phloem |
conducts sugars and other solutes from sites of production orstorage to sites of consumption or storage |
|
Xylem |
is tissue that conducts water andminerals throughout the plant body |
|
Vascular bundles |
groups of phloem and xylem |
|
|
Sclerids |
|
A? B? C? |
A- parenchyma B- Sclerenchyma C- Epidermis D- collenchyma |
|
root functions |
taking in nutrients, minerals, and waterfrom the substrate, anchoring the plant, and storing nutrients |
|
|
tap root eudicot |
|
|
fibrous root monocot |
|
adventitious root |
help support the plant andusually extend from stems |
|
|
adventitious root |
|
lateral roots |
branch roots that develop from the side of roots |
|
Root hairs |
- long outgrowthsfrom root epidermal cells -responsible for the absorption of water and minerals |
|
|
root hair |
|
cortex |
functions in energy storage for the plant |
|
endodermis |
innermost cells of the cortex that forms a ring around thestele |
|
stele |
-center of the root isa complex structure - includes all the tissue inside the endodermis |
|
pericycle |
-within the endodermis is a ring of cells -that lateral rootsoriginate here |
|
The vegetative organ is ________ and is the cross-section of a _________ |
root;eudicot |
|
The vegetative organ is ________ and is the cross-section of a _________ |
root;monocot |
|
A? B? C? D? E? F? G? |
A- Pith B- Xylem C- Epidermis D-Cortex E-Phloem F- Endodermis G- Pericycle |
|
Xylem |
conducts water and nutrients from theroot to the upper parts of the plant |
|
Phloem |
carries a sugar solution from photosynthetic and storagestructures of the plant to sites of utilization or storage within the plant |
|
vascular cambium |
- Between the xylem andphloem in eudicots is a region of undifferentiated cells - gives rise to secondary xylem and secondary phloem cells, which areresponsible for lateral growth -monocots lack this |
|
pith |
- made of parenchyma cells -not in eudicot roots - in both monocot/eudicot stems |
|
Stems |
- majorphotosynthetic organ of the plant - responsible for holding leaves and flowers above the ground -for making sure thatleaves and flowers receive needed water and nutrients from the roots -lack steles |
|
vascular bundles |
-in stems - xylem and phloem are grouped into this |
|
The vegetative organ is ________ and is the cross-section of a _________ |
stem; monocot |
|
The vegetative organ is ________ and is the cross-section of a _________ |
stem; eudicot |
|
A? B? C? D? |
A- Pith B- Cortex C- Epidermis D- Vascular Bundle |
|
node |
point or region where leaves attach to stems |
|
|
Axillary buds locatedabove each leaf scar |
|
terminal bud |
located at the tip |
|
|
simple leaf |
|
|
Compound leaf |
|
The vegetative organ is ________ and is the cross-section of a _________ |
leaf; monocot |
|
The vegetative organ is ________ and is the cross-section of a _________ |
leaf; eudicot |
|
A? B? C? D? |
A- Internode B- Node C- Petiole D- Leaf |
|
petiole |
the stalk of a leaf |
|
cuticle |
-covers the surface ofthe leaf and is secreted by epidermal cells -reduces water loss |
|
Stomata |
small openings in the epidermis of leaves andherbaceous stems that permit gas exchange |
|
Guard cells |
two cells bounding thestomata; changes in their osmotic potential regulate the size of the opening to help regulate gasexchange and water loss |
|
mesophyll |
ground tissue made up ofchloroplast-containing parenchyma cells that are responsible for photosynthesis |
|
Spongy mesophyll |
is mesophyll with loosely arranged cells with a lot of air spaces |
|
palisademesophyll |
mesophyll composed of close-packed columnar cells. |
|
Primarygrowth of plants |
elongation of the plant body at the tips of roots and shoots |
|
apical meristems |
- found at the tips of roots and shoots -responsible for primary growth |
|
Secondary growth |
leads to increases in the diameter of roots and shoots and is seenin eudicots, not monocots. |
|
3 primary meristem tissue |
protoderm, procambium andground meristem |
|
protoderm |
gives rise to epidermis |
|
procambium |
will divide toproduce vascular tissue, specifically primary xylem and primary phloem |
|
ground meristem |
will produce tissue that is involved with storage, production of attractants or defensive molecules, and photosynthesis |
|
|
root tip |
|
A? B? also give function |
A-Apical Meristem: give rise to leaf B-Axillary Bud: give rise to stem |
|
C? D? |
C- lateral root D- pericycle **** only in eudicots |
|
ovule |
seed producing plants contains the reproductive cells and includesthe female gametophyte or megagametophyte (also called the embryo sac in angiosperms)that developed from a megaspore that was produced by a megasporangium |
|
Simple fruits |
develop from a single ovary that may be composed of a single carpel or multiplefused carpels -subdivided into simple fleshy fruits and simple dry fruits |
|
Simple fleshy fruits |
-have thick pericarps -berries, drupes, pomes, hesperidia, and pepos. |
|
pericarp |
-develops from a thickened ovary wall andwill be the fleshy part of the fruit - differentiated into exocarp, mesocarp, and endocarp |
|
Berries |
-tomatoes and grapes and avocados - fleshyendocarps and mesocarps, which are generally indistinguishable from each other -exocarpis distinguishable from the endo- and mesocarps |
|
Drupes |
-cherries, peaches, and coconuts - Theendocarp is the hard layer that surrounds the seed and creates the pit |
|
pomes |
- pears and apples |
|
Hesperidia |
- citrus fruits |
|
Pepos |
-squashes, watermelons and cucumbers - hard outer rind (the exocarp), a fleshy pulp (mesocarp and endocarp), which aredifficult to differentiate from each other, and many relatively flat seeds |
|
Dehiscent |
- milkweed, sweet gum, peanuts and pea pods -when the fruit isripe to release seeds |
|
indehiscent |
- do not open when the fruit is ripe to release seeds - acorns, walnuts, maple samaras and sunflower seeds |
|
Aggregate fruits |
- raspberries |
|
aggregate accessory fruits |
-strawberries -Each “seed” that you see onthe strawberry is actually the fruit itself |
|
Multiple fruits |
develop from an inflorescence -pineapple |
|
seed coat |
the outer layer of the seed. |
|
Cotyledons |
store nutrients obtained from theendosperm during embryonic development |
|
hypocotyl |
found in eudicots just below where the cotyledons areattached to each other |
|
epicotyl |
will developinto the embryonic shoot |
|
plumule |
first true leaves that develop in eudicots |
|
Monocot/Eudicot? A? B? C? D? E? |
Eudicot A- plumule B- hypocotyl C- cotyledon D- Seed Coat E- Radicle |
|
monocot/eudicot? |
monocot |
|
coleoptile |
is a protective sheath that encloses the tip of the monocot shoot |
|
coleorhiza |
is a protective sheath that encloses the radical of monocots |
|
Monocot/Eudicot? A? B? |
Monocot- wheat A- first leaf B- Coleoptile |
|
Monocot/Eudicot? B? C? |
Eudicot B-Seedling C- Taproot with lateral roots |
|
Monocot/Eudicot? A? B? C? D? |
Eudicot A- Cotyledons B- Epicotyl C- Hypocotyl D- Fibrous Roots |
|
tropism |
growth toward/away from an environmental stimulus |
|
Phototropism |
-is directed growth in response to light -positivephototropism is growth in the direction of light |
|
Gravitropism |
is directed growth in response to gravity |
|
Roots exhibit (positive/negative) gravitropism |
positive |
|
Shoots exhibit (positive/negative) gravitropism |
negative |
|
Thigmotropism |
is directed growth in responseto touch; think of tendrils of pea plants, or climbing vines that wrap themselves around a trellis |
|
hormone |
achemical signal produced in small amounts at one site in a multicellular organism andtransported to a distant site where it acts on a target cell through the mediation of specificreceptors. |
|
Auxin |
-plant hormone -effects is the elongation orexpansion of cells - |
|
transpiration-cohesion-tension model |
as water evaporates from the surfaces of leaves through stomata , thehydrostatic pressure is reduced in the mesophyll . This pulling force (or tension) draws water into the xylem from lower down inthe plant, setting off a chain reaction extending all the way to the roots |
|
Stomata |
- are pores in the plant epidermis bounded by specialized cells calledguard cells -open during day bc photosynthesis is highest then |
|
indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) |
stomatal opening |
|
Abscisic acid (ABA) |
closing stomata |