Plant Growth

Front 1

3 plant organs

Back 1

roots
stems
leaves

Front 2

3 Functions of root system

Back 2

anchors plant
absorbs minerals and water
stores organic nutrients

Front 3

Monocots have what type of roots?

Back 3

Fibrous roots with no main root

Front 4

Name 3 types of modified roots and an example of each.

Back 4

Prop root - corn
Storage root - radish bulb
Strangling aerial root - fig tree

Front 5

The point where leaves attach to the stem

Back 5

Node

Front 6

Stem segments between nodes

Back 6

Internodes

Front 7

The terminal bud located at shoot tip.

Back 7

Apical bud

Front 8

Apical but is responsible for (2 things)

Back 8

elongation of shoot,
maintaining dormancy in non apical buds (is dominant)

Front 9

This bud forms lateral shoots or branches

Back 9

Axillary bud

Front 10

Example of Modified stems (4)

Back 10

Rhizomes (underground stems that connect asexual plants)
Bulbs (base of bulb is stem, full of sugar)
Stolons (runners, asexual reproduction above ground/strawberries)
Tubers (underground,sprouts branches, stores lipids, protiens / potatos)

Front 11

The photosynthetic organ

Back 11

Leaves

Front 12

2 parts of the leaf

Back 12

flattened blade
petiole

Front 13

the stalk that joins the leaf to the node of the stem

Back 13

Petiole

Front 14

Monocots have what type of veins in thier leaves

Back 14

Parallel veins

Front 15

Diconts have what type of veins in thier leaves

Back 15

Branching veins

Front 16

3 Variations of Dicot leaves

Back 16

Simple - 1 petiole, 1 leaf (oak)
Compound - 1 petiole, several leaves (ash)
Doubly compound - 1 petiole, several leaflettes, several leaves (honey locust)

Front 17

How many cell layers thick is the Dermal Layer

Back 17

1

Front 18

In non woody plants the dermal layer is called

Back 18

the epidermis

Front 19

Waxy coating on epidermis that helps prevent water loss

Back 19

Cuticle

Front 20

In woody plants the dermal layer that replaces the epidermis is called

Back 20

Periderm

Front 21

Bark is an example of what part of the Dermal layer in woody plants

Back 21

The Periderm

Front 22

Outgrowths of shoot epidermis of the dermal layer

Back 22

Trichromes

Front 23

3 Functions of Trichromes

Back 23

Protective from insects
Reflects light
Aromatic (glandular trichromes)

Front 24

Tissue System that carries out transport of material between the roots and the shoots

Back 24

Vascular System

Front 25

2 Vascular Tissue Types

Back 25

Xylem
Phloem

Front 26

Moves water and nutrients from roots upward to the shoots

Back 26

Xylem

Front 27

Transports organic nutrients from where they are made to where they are needed, can travel up or down the vascular system

Back 27

Phloem

Front 28

Vascular tissue of Stem or root is collectively called

Back 28

Stele

Front 29

The Stele is a solid central vascular cylinder in what part of the plant

Back 29

the roots

Front 30

The Stele is in vascular bundles of strands of xylem and phloem in what part (s) of the plant

Back 30

in the stems and leaves

Front 31

Any tissue that is not dermal or vascular is

Back 31

Ground Tissue

Front 32

Ground tissue internal to vascular tissue

Back 32

Pith

Front 33

Ground tissue external to vascular tissue

Back 33

Cortex

Front 34

Specialization of cells in structure and function is called

Back 34

Cell differentiation

Front 35

5 cell categories

Back 35

Parenchyma
Collenchyma
Sclerenchyma
Water Conducting of Xylem
Sugar Conducting of Phloem

Front 36

Cell category that retain ability to divide and differentiate

Back 36

Parenchyma Cells

Front 37

This cell type is the least specialize, has the most metabolic functions, lacks a secondary wall and is flexible in nature

Back 37

Parenchyma

Front 38

This cell type has thick uneven cell walls (like celery), lacks the secondary wall, is grouped in fibrous strands that help support young part of plant shoot, and is flexible

Back 38

Collenchyma

Front 39

These cells have secondary cell walls containing ligin

Back 39

Sclerenchyma

Front 40

Tough cells found in woody part of tress contain

Back 40

Ligin

Front 41

These cells are dead at functional maturity and are very rigid providing a protective function

Back 41

Sclerenchyma

Front 42

Two types of Sclerenchyma cells

Back 42

Sclereids
Fibers

Front 43

Sclerenchyma cell type with short irregular shape and have thick liginified secondary walls

Back 43

Sclereids

Front 44

Sclerenchyma cell type that are long and slender and are arranged in threads

Back 44

Fibers

Front 45

Two types of water conducting cells of the xylem

Back 45

Trachieds
Vessel Elements

Front 46

Long tapered cells that are the 1st xylem cells to develope and are found in all plants

Back 46

Trachieds

Front 47

Xylem cells that align end to end to form long micropipes called vessels (for very quick water movement) and is found only in evolved flowery plants

Back 47

Vessel Elements

Front 48

2 types of Sugar Conducting cells of Phloem

Back 48

Sieve tube element cells
companion cells

Front 49

Phloem cell lacking ornanelles

Back 49

sieve tube element

Front 50

pourous end wall that allows and regulates fluid flow between cells along seive tube

Back 50

Sieve plate

Front 51

Cells found with sieve tube cells and shares organelles

Back 51

Companion Cells

Front 52

Cells that lie side by side with xylem cells and sieve tube cells

Back 52

Companion Cells

Front 53

Plant growth that lasts through out the plants life

Back 53

Indeterminate growth

Front 54

Plant growth that ceases to grow at a certain size

Back 54

Determinate growth

Front 55

3 types of plant life cycles

Back 55

Annuals - 1 yr
Biennials - 2 yr
Perennials - lives for many yrs

Front 56

Perpetually embrionic tissue that allows for indeterminate growth

Back 56

Meristemic Tissue

Front 57

Meristem tissue found at tips of roots and shoots and is resposible for elongated growth

Back 57

Apical Meristem

Front 58

Type of growth that is the elongated growth in shoots and roots from apical meristem

Back 58

Primary Growth

Front 59

Type of growth that adds thickness to woody plants from lateral Meristems

Back 59

Secondary Growth

Front 60

Meristem tissue found in woody plants that adds thickness growth

Back 60

Lateral Meristem

Front 61

2 types of lateral meristem

Back 61

Vascular Cambium
Cork Cambium

Front 62

Lateral Meristem envolved in secondary growth by adding layers of vascular tissue called secondary xylem and secondary phloem

Back 62

Vascular Cambium

Front 63

Lateral Meristem envolved in secondary growth that replaces epidermis with thicker and tougher Periderm

Back 63

Cork Cambium

Front 64

Two cell types that meristem tissues give rise to

Back 64

Initials
derivatives

Front 65

Cells that remain in the meristem and initiate cell growth

Back 65

Initials

Front 66

Cells that arise from the meristem and become specialized in developing tissue and turn into xylem or phloem

Back 66

Derivatives

Front 67

Covers root tips and protects apical meristem as root pushes thru soil

Back 67

root cap

Front 68

The parts of the root and shoot system produced by apical meristem

Back 68

Primary Plant Body

Front 69

3 zones of root growth

Back 69

zone of cell division
zone of cell elongation
zone of maturation

Front 70

Vascular cylinder at center of root, single cell layer thick

Back 70

Root Stele

Front 71

Ground tissue in the root fills the

Back 71

Cortex

Front 72

Region between vascular cylinder and epidermis

Back 72

Cortex

Front 73

Inner most layer of cortex that surrounds the vascular cylinder

Back 73

Endodermis

Front 74

Site of leaf developement along the side of the apical meristem

Back 74

Leaf Primordia

Front 75

Developes from meristemic cells left at the base of leaf primordia

Back 75

Axillary buds

Front 76

Lateral shoots develope from what on the stems surface

Back 76

Axillary Buds

Front 77

Dicots have vascular tissue bundles with the arrangement of:

Back 77

a ring

Front 78

Monocots have vascular tissue bundles with the arrangements of:

Back 78

scattered bundles thru out the ground tissue near the edge

Front 79

Pores in leaves which allow CO2 exhange between the air and the photosynthetic cells in leaves

Back 79

Stomata

Front 80

Two cells around the stomata which regulate the opening and closing of the pores

Back 80

Gurard Cells

Front 81

Ground tissue found between the upper and lower epidermis

Back 81

Mesophyll

Front 82

Mesophyll in upper part of leaf

Back 82

Palisade mesophyll

Front 83

Mesophyll below palisade mesophyll where gas exchange occurs

Back 83

Spongy Mesophyll

Front 84

This protects and encloses each vein in a leaf

Back 84

Bundle Sheath

Front 85

Leafs vascular bundles and acts as skeleton

Back 85

Veins

Front 86

This type of plant growth occurs in stems and roots but rarely in leaves

Back 86

Secondary growth

Front 87

Tissues produced by vascular cambium and cork cambium form the:

Back 87

Secondary Plant body

Front 88

This is a cylinder of meristemic cells one cell layer thick developed from undifferentiated parenchyma cells

Back 88

Vascular Cambium

Front 89

These increase the circimference and adds secondary xylem to inside and secondary phloem to the outside

Back 89

Initial cells of the vascular cambium

Front 90

This accumulates as wood and consists of trachieds and vessel elements

Back 90

Secondary Xylem

Front 91

This will not accumulate in secondary growth, it will sloph off

Back 91

Secondary Phloem

Front 92

This type of wood is formed in the spring, this has thin walled cells to maximize water

Back 92

Early wood

Front 93

This type of wood is formed in the late summer, has thick walled cells and contributes to stem support

Back 93

Late wood

Front 94

This is the older layers of secondary xylem; does not transport water

Back 94

Heartwood

Front 95

this is the outer layer of secondary xylem; still transports material

Back 95

Sapwood

Front 96

Secondary plant body's protective covering that stems from cork cambium

Back 96

Periderm

Front 97

This consists of cork cambium and layers of cork cells

Back 97

Periderm

Front 98

All the tissues external to the vascular cambium (the secondary phloem and the periderm)

Back 98

Bark

Front 99

This allows for gas exchange between living stem or root cells and outside air in the periderm

Back 99

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