Plant Exam 2 Review - Cumulative

Front 1

What does it mean to be Prokaryotic?

Back 1

A single celled organism that lacks a membrane bound nucleus

Front 2

What is it called when a single species evolves into a different species?

Back 2

Anagenesis

Front 3

What is it called when a single species diverges into two or more different species?

Back 3

Cladogenesis

Front 4

What are flowering plants called and what division are they in?

Back 4

Angiosperms and they are in the division Anthophyta

Front 5

What are the 4 essential processes in plant growth and development:

Back 5

1. cell division
2. cell growth
3. cell specialization
4. apoptosis (death)

Front 6

What is the difference between plant growth and development?

Back 6

growth is producing new cells and cell expansion, while expansion is a chemical change that specializes the cell

Front 7

Vascular plants have 3 basic organs:

Back 7

1. roots
2. stems
3. leaves

Front 8

Eudicots, gymnosperms, and Angiosperms have what type of root system and what does it look like?

Back 8

taproot system- one large vertical root with smaller roots branching off of it

Front 9

Seedless vascular plants and most monocots (such as grasses) have what type of root system?

Back 9

fibrous

Front 10

What does the RAM produce on a root cap and what does that do?

Back 10

it contains stem cells and produces collumnella (sensory triggers that tell the root which way to grow)

Front 11

How do root cells expand during the Zone of Elongation?

Back 11

by water uptake

Front 12

How can you identify the Zone of Maturation in a plant?

Back 12

there will be root hairs present

Front 13

What do the Primary Xylem and Phloem do in the stem of a plant?

Back 13

Xylem- water transport

Phloem- organic material transport

Front 14

The SAM and RAM produce 3 primary tissue meristems, they are:

1. photoderm
2. epidermis
3. procambium

What does each do?

Back 14

1. photoderm: produces dermal tissue
2. epidermis: produces the cuticle on the leaf
3. procambuim: produces vascular tissue

Front 15

What is the all encompassing name for plants?

Back 15

Steptophytes

Front 16

What do Strephtophytes include?

Back 16

Algae, Bryophytes, Seedless vascular plants, and Gymnosperms

Front 17

What was the first group to have leaves with veins and what were those leaves called?

Back 17

Pteridophytes were the first group to have leaves with veins and those leaves were called megaphylls

Front 18

What group has ovules, seeds, pollen, true leaves, and wood?

Back 18

Spermatophytes

(includes angiosperms and gymnosperms)

Front 19

What are the 3 tissue types of plants:

Back 19

1. Parenchyma
2. Sclerenchyma
3. Collenchyma

Front 20

What does each tissue system do:

1. Parenchyma
2. Sclerenchyma
3. Collenchyma

Back 20

1. Parenchyma: the least specialized tissue, with thin walls and it heals broken plants
2. Collenchyma: flexible, elongated, thick walls for support and strength
3. Sclerenchyma: rigid structural support with thick walls that protect other cells

Front 21

What type of vascular tissue do most herbaceous plants prodcue?

Back 21

primary

Front 22

What type of vascular tissue do woody plants produce (all vascular plants, aka. tracheophytes)

Back 22

primary and secondary

Front 23

What do fibers and sclerids have in common and how are they different?

Back 23

fiber and sclerids are both specialized for support

fibers are long

sclerids are short and irregular in shape

Front 24

What is the main difference between primary and secondary growth?

Back 24

primary growth the plant gets taller and secondary growth the plant gets wider

Front 25

Give an example of indeterminate growth and determinate growth:

Back 25

indeterminate: vegetative growth

determinate: flowers

Front 26

What are the Secondary Xylem and Phloem in a plant?

Back 26

Xylem: wood

Phloem: inner bark

Front 27

Describe primary endosymbiosis:

Back 27

In primary endosymbiosis, a host cell without a plastid gains one from ingesting a cyanobacteria.

Front 28

Describe secondary endosymbiosis:

Back 28

In secondary endosymbiosis, a host cell gains a plastid from red or green algae that contains one or more primary plastids (the plastid is retained within an envelope of endoplasmic reticulum)

Front 29

Describe tertiary endosymbiosis:

Back 29

In tertiary endosymbiosis, a host cell gains a plastid from a eukaryotic endosymbiont that has secondary plastids. Tertiary endosymbiosis occurs among dinoflagellates.

Front 30

What do guard cells do on a leaf surface?

Back 30

they open and close the stomata

Front 31

What are the 4 divisions of gymnosperms and what kind of sperm do they have?

Back 31

1. Cycadophyta (flagellated)
2. Ginkophyta (flagellated)
3. Pinophyta/Coniferophyta (not flagellated)
4. Gnetophyta (not flagellated)

Front 32

What are spores?

Back 32

Haploid cells used in asexual fertilization

Front 33

The male part of the flower is the __________ and it contains what 2 parts?

Back 33

the Stamen

it contains the Anther and the Filament

Front 34

The female part of the flower is the ___________ and it contains what 3 parts?

Back 34

the Carpel

it contains the stigma, style, and ovary

Front 35

What is the unique difference between the angiosperms and the gymnosperms to reproduce?

Back 35

the use of biotic vectors

meaning angiosperms use insects to disperse their gametes

Front 36

Where does the seed form in angiosperms?

Back 36

the ovule. it actually becomes the seed.

Front 37

What type of fruit has a seedpod that opens to release the seeds?

Back 37

Dry Dehiscent seed

Front 38

What type of fruit doesn't open to release the seed?

Back 38

Dry Indehiscent seed

Front 39

What are 5 main characteristics of Fungus:

Back 39

1. Eukaryotic
2. Heterotrophic
3. Multi-cellular
4. Cell walls made of carbohydrate chitin
5. Reproduce and disperse by spores

Front 40

What is Commensalism in symbiosis?

Back 40

One benefits and the other is neither helped nor harmed

Front 41

What is the structure of a fungus made out of?

Back 41

threadlike filaments called hyphae that compose a mass called mycelium

Front 42

What is a cotyledon?

Back 42

an embryonic leaf in a plant

Front 43

How many flower parts to monocots vs. dicots have?

Back 43

monocots- flower parts in multiples of 3 (corn)

dicots- flower parts in multiples of 4 or 5 (beans)

Front 44

What are the most diverse and abundant organisms on earth?

Back 44

Bacteria

Front 45

How do protists eat?

Back 45

they can be photoautotrophic, heterotrophic, or mixotrophic

Front 46

What is the name of the supergroup that is basically a highly modified mitochondria with a feeding grove and is related to one of the earliest forms of eukaryotes?

Back 46

Excavata

Front 47

What is the most structurally and functionally diverse of all the Eukaryotes?

Back 47

Protists

Front 48

What is the leaf primordia?

Back 48

the site of leaf production on the SAM

Front 49

What are the hair-like projections on leaves called?

Back 49

Trichomes

Front 50

What supergroup under Eukarya includes animals and fungi?

Back 50

Opisthokonta

Front 51

What is bacteria conjugation?

Back 51

the transfer of genetic material through direct contact of the cells

Front 52

What is bacteria transformation?

Back 52

a fragment of DNA is released into the environment from the DEAD donor cell

Front 53

What is bacteria transduction?

Back 53

DNA is transferred by a virus

Front 54

Protist Reproduction

What is conjugation?

Back 54

there is a temporary union of gametes to form a zygote

Front 55

Protist Reproduction

What is syngamy?

Back 55

gametes fuse permanently to form a zygote

Front 56

What are the 3 classifications of protists?

Back 56

algae (usually phototrophic)

protozoa (usually heterotrophic)

fungus-like (nutrient absorbtion)

Front 57

What are the 3 different ways a protist can move?

Back 57

1. Flagellates: long swimming flagella (unlike the prokaryotic flagella which is circular and spins like a motor)
2. Cilliates: shorter with many cillia
3. Ameboid: movement using pseudopodia (fake foot)

Front 58

What causes Red Tides/

Back 58

Dinoflagellates

Front 59

What is distinctive about the Stramenopila?

Back 59

it has straw-like hairs on the flagella

Front 60

A filose pseudopodia is found on what organism and what does it help with?

Back 60

Radiolarians and the filose pseudopodia helps with boyancy (it lives in the ocean)

Front 61

In most unicellular protists we see what kind of life cycle?

Back 61

zygotic

Front 62

Trichocytes would be what kind of defense mechanism for a plant?

Back 62

spear-like projections

Front 63

Are Ameobozoa multi or uni cellular organisms?

Back 63

unicellular

Front 64

In green and brown seaweed we see the ___________ life cycle.

Back 64

Sporic Life Cycle

Front 65

In diatoms we see the __________ life cycle.

Back 65

Gametic Life Cycle

Front 66

Fungi arose from protists related to ___________ that feed via phagocytosis.

Back 66

Amoeba

Front 67

What is the fungal "budding yeast" we use when we're baking, making wine, or brewing beer?

Back 67

Saccharomyces

Front 68

In sexual fungal reproduction, the cytoplasms of gametes fuse(__________________) followed by the fusion of nuclei(________________).

Back 68

cytoplasms of gametes fuse = plasmogomy

nucleis fuse = karyogamy

Front 69

What are magnetosomes?

Back 69

magnetic crystals in bacteria that help pull them toward their desired environment

Front 70

What flagellate is most closely related to the common ancestor of animals?

Back 70

Choanoflagellates

Front 71

What are Pteridophytes?

Back 71

Ferns