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33 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Land plants appear in the______?
First type to appear was________? |
Ordovician
bryophytes |
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Vascular plants appear in the_______?
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Silurian
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Forests of vascular non-seed plants appear in_________?
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Devonian
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All “plants” evolved from _______________. Closely related to _______________.
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algae (photosynthetic protists).
Charophyceans |
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___________are the primary synapomorphy that defines plants.
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Embryos
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Embrophytes = ?
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Kingdom Plantae – plants with embryos.
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4 Key derived traits (synapomorphies) shared by plants and Charophyceans
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1. Rosette-shaped complexes in cell wall for cellulose synthesis
2. Peroxisome enzymes (more efficient respiration) 3. Structure of flagellated sperm 4. Formation of a phragmoplast (alignment of cytoskeletal elements during cell division) |
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Derived traits of plants?
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1. Apical meristems
2. Alternation of generation. 3. Walled spores in sporangia 4. Multicellular gametangia (production of gametes): female = archegonium produces eggs, male = antheridium produces sperm. 5. Multicellular dependent embryos – embryo, maternal tissue, placental transfer cells. |
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Apical meristems ?
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areas of rapid cell division—tips of shoots and tips of roots
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Alternation of generation. What is the difference between a spore a gamete?
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Spores (haploid) germinate into a multicellular structure. Gametes fuse to form a zygote. .usually two kinds: egg & sperm.
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archegonium
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produces eggs = female
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antheridium
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produces sperm = sperm
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durable polymer that prevents spores from drying out.
Protective walls of plant spores and pollen (see later) |
Sporopollenin
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GAMETOPHYTE
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multicellular haploid phase produces haploid gametes by MITOSIS in GAMETANGIA, (male = Antheridia female = archegonia)
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SPOROPHYTE
SPORANGIA |
multicellular diploid stage that produces spores in
SPORANGIA - multicellular organs that produce spores |
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SPORES
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haploid reproductive cells formed by MEIOSIS (in plants) that develop into new organism (gametophyte phase) without fusing into another cell—genetic recombination
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non-vascular land plants?
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Bryophytes
Probably not monophyletic |
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Gametangia
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Antheridia (sperm) Archegonia (ova) Water dependant reproduction (limits range to damp environments).
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Spores germinate into _________, which grow into the gametophyte
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protonemata
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Where does a sporophyte grow from in bryophytes? How does it get its nutrition?
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Sporophyte grows from Archegonium and is nutritionally dependent on it
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3 kinds of Bryophytes:
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Liverworts, Hornworts, Mosses
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Sphagnum?
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moss that forms peat bogs
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Seedless vascular plants have
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flagellated sperm, which must reach eggs through a film of water: as in Bryophytes. STILL HEAVY RELIANCE ON WATER
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Four major characteristics of vascular plants
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1. Sporophyte dominates (Reduced size of Gametophyte)
2. Roots 3. Leaves (increase surface area = increased photosynthesis) 4. Sorophylls |
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Rhizomes (rhizoids)?
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anchor bryophytes to the ground--play no role in water/mineral absorption
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Is the sporophyte dependent on the gametophyte in vascular plants?
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NO (opposite of bryophytes)
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Sporophylls?
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modified leaves that bear the sporangia (spore producing structures)
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Most seedless plants are _______sporoous
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Homosporous
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All seed plants are _______sporoous
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Heterosporous
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Microphylls
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Found in lycophytes (club mosses) = single unbranched vein in leaves
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Megaphylls
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Ferns + remaining vascular plants. Complex branching of veins: larger surface area in leaves
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seedless vascular plants include
_______ and _____________ |
lycophytes and pterophytes
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pterophytes include _______ + __________
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ferns + horsetails
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