Plant Community Ecology Test 1 Uw (From Review)

Front 1

Clements

Back 1

Communities are discrete

Front 2

Gleason

Back 2

Communities are continuous

Front 3

Domain

Back 3

Scope of theory

Front 4

Concepts

Back 4

regularities in processes

Front 5

Definitions

Back 5

Clear statements of paradigm

Front 6

Facts

Back 6

confirmable observations

Front 7

Laws

Back 7

statements that are true in “universe”

Front 8

Models

Back 8

Simplified view of system

Front 9

translation models

Back 9

method to go from abstract to application

Front 10

Hypotheses

Back 10

falsifiable statments

Front 11

Framework

Back 11

logical structure of theory

Front 12

Concrete vegetation

Back 12

samples, stands, plots, quadrats

Front 13

Abstract vegetation

Back 13

derived from concrete vegetation by analysis; noise and extraneous factors discarded to reveal essence

Front 14

Phytocoenon

Back 14

-Real according to Clements, Braun-Blanquet
-Convenient according to Gleason, Ramensky, Whittaker, Curtis

Front 15

Climatic Climax

Back 15

-Clements
-Species interactions strong, obligate
-Species patterns: change together in space and time
-Borders narrow
-Species change rapidly in space
-Associations are concrete and real

Front 16

Individualistic Concept

Back 16

-Gleason/Ramensky
-Species interactions weak, facultative
-Species patterns change gradually, not in concert
-Borders broad or narrow (generally broad)
-Species change rapidly in space
-Associations abstractions, not objective

Front 17

Direct observations

Back 17

Camera, notebook

Front 18

Historical informaiton

Back 18

maps of factors, sampling followed by statistics

Front 19

Mutlivariate Statistics

Back 19

describe, summarize

Front 20

Modeling

Back 20

test predictions; understand system, study experimental interactions

Front 21

Distribution of biomes determined by

Back 21

global patterns of atmospheric circulation

Front 22

Seasons caused by

Back 22

tilt of earth

Front 23

Deserts

Back 23

due to Hadley cells, rising air flows over desert are and condenses on other side, cold ocean currents, rain shadows

Front 24

High pressure correlates with

Back 24

dry climate

Front 25

low pressure correlates with

Back 25

wet climate

Front 26

phenology

Back 26

life history events (migration timing, flowering, egg laying)

Front 27

Biomes

Back 27

abstractions of variation in vegetation across earth

Front 28

Vegetation responds to

Back 28

-Temperature
-Moisture
-Light
-Fertility
-Disturbance

Front 29

Gradient

Back 29

gradual transition

Front 30

Ecotone

Back 30

abrupt edge between 2 habitats

Front 31

walter

Back 31

Climagrams describe where biomes appear on temperature/precipitation graphs

Front 32

First person to suggest idea of succession

Back 32

Clements

Front 33

Horse latitudes

Back 33

doldrums; places w/o wind

Front 34

jungle

Back 34

seasonal rainforest

Front 35

Tropical rainforest

Back 35

-Emergent trees
-Lots of buttressing
-Dense canopy (sometimes multiple layers)
-Not much of a ground layer because of rapid decomposition
-Jungles are seasonal rainforests
-Lots of epiphytes
-Upper South America and Central America (wet), Africa, India, Indonesia, Malaysia, upper Australia
-Giant herbs
-Soil low in nutrients

Front 36

Tropical Savanna

Back 36

-Strong seasonal rain
-Dominated by grasses, scattered shrubs
-High faunal diversity in Africa; not so much in America

Front 37

Temperate Deciduous Forest

Back 37

-Abundant rainfall
-Cold winters
-Light competition

Front 38

Chaparral

Back 38

-Hot, dry summers
-Cool, wet winters
-Evergreen shrubs
-Fire natural

Front 39

Methods used to assess landscapes

Back 39

-Life forms
-Indicator species
-Klinka Method, Grime Strategies

Front 40

Raunkaier

Back 40

-Life forms
-Phanerophytes (buds emerge from aerial parts of plants) evergreens or deciduous
-Chamaephytes (buds borne near ground)
-Suffruticose: die back at end of year
-Passive: droop at end of season
-Active: remain same during bad times
-Cushion: dense form of passive
-Hemicryptophytes (above ground portions die back; buds at ground level)
-Cryptophytes (buds survive below ground or in water)
-Geophytes (buds below ground, as bulbs etc)
-Helophytes (grow in water, leaves above water)
-Hydrophytes (grow under water)
-Therophytes (annuals, survive as seeds)

Front 41

Uses for indicator species

Back 41

-Interpret landscape + ordination
-Site analysis
-Constraints and opportunities in design
-Determine the successional status
-Infer potential vegetation
-Identify stresses

Front 42

Klinka

Back 42

-Indicator index to measure how well a species acts as an indicator

Front 43

Life History Strategies

Back 43

-Grime
-Habitats characterized by productivity, disturbance

Front 44

Life history characterized by high disturbance, low productivity

Back 44

Nothing

Front 45

Life history characterized by low disturbance, low productivity

Back 45

Stress-Tolerant

Front 46

Life history characterized by high disturbance, high productivity

Back 46

Ruderal (weeds)

Front 47

Life history characterized by low disturbance, high productivity

Back 47

Competative

Front 48

Humpback Model

Back 48

-Corridor environment where stress and competition is moderate
-Goldilocks
-Where more types and overall number of species can exist

Front 49

Aggregate Property

Back 49

property of higher level that can be determined from lower level

Front 50

Emergent Property

Back 50

property due to interactions at level

Front 51

Species Richness

Back 51

Number of species in sample

Front 52

Species density

Back 52

Species richness/sample size

Front 53

Gamma

Back 53

All species

Front 54

Beta

Back 54

Measure of species change

Front 55

Alpha

Back 55

number of species in common

Front 56

abundance curves

Back 56

dominance/diversity curves

Front 57

Type of community susceptible to invasion

Back 57

disturbed

Front 58

Importance of diversity

Back 58

-Affects ecosystem production
-Affects ecosystem stability
-Resists invasion
-Improves efficiency

Front 59

Goals of indirect ordination

Back 59

-Clarify species-environmental data in low dimensionality
-Infer ecological space from input data
-Understand community structure
-Generate hypotheses for experimental tests

Front 60

Floristic Method

Back 60

-Use most of info available
-Relationship between samples some distance measure

Front 61

Dimension Reduction

Back 61

-Reduce dimensions to fewer
-Retain as much info as possible
-Limit distortion
-Maximize correlation

Front 62

Whittaker

Back 62

pioneered mosaic diagram approach, direct ordination

Front 63

DCA

Back 63

-Good general purpose method
-Uses indicator species, statistical correlations of environmental factors,
loading of species onto axes
-Scaled in floristic units

Front 64

Lessons from ordinations

Back 64

-Species distribution generally Gaussian
-Models of dominance scattered
-Distribution individualistic
-Environmental gradients interact
-No solid relationship between dominance and niche breadth
-Competition affects Gaussian response
-Field data noisy

Front 65

NMS

Back 65

-Assumes no structure in species pattern
-Repetitive
-Better at capturing structure in complex data than DCA
-Ranked distances
-Seeks lowest dimensions that has minimum stress

Front 66

CCA

Back 66

-Seeks to relate species data to environmental data
-Set of factors based on species, other on environment
-Linear correlation
-Direct method
-Eiganvalue
-Multiple regression
-Monte Carlo permutations

Front 67

Eiganvalue

Back 67

relative contribution of each axis to total variation (0-1)

Front 68

Canonical coefficient

Back 68

importance of factor to defining samples

Front 69

Monte Carlo Values

Back 69

determine overall significance