Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
51 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
Almost all chemicals that have psychoactive properties contain what element as an ingredient?
And most belong to a category called? |
Nitrogen
Alkaloids |
|
|
What is a shaman?
|
individuals who sought agents that would transport them to another world where communication with gods, demons, and even the dead (ex. Witches, healers, medicine men)
|
|
|
Which used more species of plants for their psychoactive properties: old or new world people?
Does your answer indicate that old world or new world civilization is culturally superior? |
New World
Old World |
|
|
What are the genus and species for marijuana?
|
Cannabis sativa
|
|
|
What are three uses of the marijuana plant?
|
1) its durable fibers can be turned into ropes, fishnets, and clothing
2) its seeds are highly nutritious 3) the oil expressed from them can be used for lamps or in paints and varnishes |
|
|
Where is marijuana native?
|
Central Asia
|
|
|
What people were the first to use marijuana?
|
Chinese
|
|
|
Is marijuana monecious or dioecious?
Of what significance is this with regard to "potency"? |
Dioecious
The female plants are more potent than males. |
|
|
In what country was the hallucinogenic properties of marijuana first exploited?
|
India
|
|
|
Which parts of the marijuana plant produce the greatest amount of resin (which is what the hallucination-lovers want)?
|
Upper leaves and bracts of female inflorescences are rich in psychoactive substances
|
|
|
What does "sinsimilla" mean and what is its significance?
|
Sinsemilla- unfertilized (or without seeds) marijuana
Significance- one of the strongest forms for resin production |
|
|
In India, what is the difference between ganja, bhang, and hashish?
|
Ganja- potent female flowers and upper leaves
Bhang- milk based beverage made with ground Cannabis leaves, sugar, and spices Hashish- pure resin |
|
|
What is the apparent origin of word "assassins"?
|
Name derived from hashish. There was a large band of followers willing to do anything including murder for their leader "old man". The candidates for this group were drugged by hashish
|
|
|
What are the six positive values for humans of the THC compound in the plant?
|
-Pain reliever
-Combating hypertension -Reduce pressure in the eyes of glaucoma patients -Reduce nausea experienced by cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy -Provides relief for asthma sufferers -Reducing severity of epileptic seizures and symptoms of multiple sclerosis |
|
|
Is THC physiologically addictive?
|
Not physiologically addicting
|
|
|
Heavy use of THC has at least 4 negative values, which are?
|
Reduced sex drive
Lowered sperm counts reduced motor coordination impairment of short-term memory |
|
|
What are the genus and species names of the opium poppy?
|
Papaver somniferum
|
|
|
What were the opium wars in China all about?
|
The opium war started in 1839 when Chinese lords tried to stop the English drug trafficking by confiscating and destroyed British opium supplies. England retaliated by invading China and ended with a treaty that ceded Hong Kong to British. Chinese also lost a 2nd opium war and were forced to agree to British opium importation.
|
|
|
What are the 2 main opium psychoactive alkaloids?
|
Morphine
Codeine |
|
|
What is heroin derived from?
|
Morphine- 2 acetyl groups are added to morphine and this results in heroin
|
|
|
What is the main cause of death of heroin addicts?
|
Overdose
|
|
|
Until 1972 most of the opium that eventually ended up in the US was grown where?
And then what happened? |
Turkey
Turkey and US reached an agreement to limit opium poppy cultivation |
|
|
The shift in opium production involved primarily another country called?
|
Afghanistan
|
|
|
The plant which produces cocaine is native where?
|
North-Central Andes
|
|
|
What does adding lime (which is what?) to coca leaves do?
|
Lime (calcium oxide) in form of ash raises the pH of the quid and aids in the extraction and absorption of alkaloids.
|
|
|
What did chewing coca leaves do for the Andean natives?
|
chewing produces a feeling of well-being and lessens feelings of hunger and fatigue
|
|
|
What is the role of cocaine n the manufacture of "Coca-cola"?
|
Coca-cola originally included both caffeine rich extracts and coca extracts, which marketed in 1886 as a headache remedy and tonic.
|
|
|
How is it that there is no organic damage from prolonged coca leaf chewing among Andean natives but there is among US addicts?
|
Chewing the coca leaves absorbs only limited quantities of the drug since the alkaloids present in leaves have relatively small amounts. The cocaine used in US is much purer, higher concentration.
|
|
|
What is crack?
|
produced by treating hydrochloride with boiling water and baking soda.
If either is used in the extraction process, freebase is produced. crack is less dangerous than freebase because volatile solvents are not used to produce it. Can be injected or smoked. |
|
|
What is a "crack baby"?
|
Crack babies are babies born to mothers who were users during pregnancy
|
|
|
What are some of the abnormalities of such babies?
|
Fetal stroke that leads to the death of brain cells
Malformed kidneys or genitals missing fingers or toes part of intestinal tract can die |
|
|
What are the genus and species names for the more important of the 2 species of tobacco?
|
Nicotiana tabacum
Nicotiana rustica |
|
|
Where did the genus name for crack come from?
|
The genus Nicotiana is thought to be native to the New World, but at least one species, N. suaveolens, was independently domesticated in Australia.
|
|
|
As discovered by Columbus, what are the 3 ways that native peoples of the New World ingested tobacco?
|
Smoked
Eaten Sniffed |
|
|
What is the name of the main alkaloid in tobacco?
|
Nicotine
|
|
|
What claims were made for tobacco usage that made it so popular in Europe in the 17th century?
|
Remedy for female problems, snakebite antidote, lung strengthener, ulcer remedy, cure for plague, potent aphrodisiac
|
|
|
Why would Virginian in the early 17th century want to grow tobacco rather than corn?
|
Because an acre planted in tobacco yielded 4 times the revenue of an acre planted in corn
|
|
|
Why would one want to remove flower stalks and side shoots from a growing tobacco plant?
|
to prevent the plants from diverting resources to seeds and low branch development
|
|
|
Why are tobacco chewers and cigarette smokers more likely to become addicted to tobacco rather than pipe and cigar smokers?
|
Chewers and smokers who inhale tend to become more addicted to tobacco because they become physiologically dependent on the strong sensory reaction produced when nicotine is absorbed.
Pipe and cigar smokers normally do not inhale, so not as much physical reaction to withdrawal. |
|
|
How is insecticide made from tobacco?
|
By treating nicotine with sulfuric acid it yields an insecticide (nicotine is poison)
|
|
|
Related to tobacco are a group of genera in the same family as tobacco, having hallucinogenic and toxic compounds, what is the name of the family?
|
Solanaceae
|
|
|
What do witches riding on broomsticks have to do with plants having psychoactive compounds?
|
Atropine, obtained from belladonna and henbane, can be absorbed directly through the skin. Witches rubbed these ointments for psychological sensations of flying.
|
|
|
What is the official inebriating beverage of the south pacific?
|
Kava
|
|
|
What plant family (common name) is involved in Kava?
|
Pepper family (Piperaceae)
|
|
|
What plant family (common name) are the species lumped together as ololiuqui classified in?
|
Morning glory family (flowering family)
|
|
|
What relationship does the psychoactive compound in these species have with ergotism?
|
Ergot- a fungus that infests grains
Eating rye infested with ergot causes erogtism, which can have mild to severe repercussions ranging from altered behavior to death. |
|
|
What plant family (common name) is peyote in?
|
Cactus Family
|
|
|
Where is peyote native?
|
Rio Grande Valley of Texas
Northern Mexico |
|
|
The most psychoactive compound in peyote is?
|
mescaline alkaloid (mimic of norepinephrine)
|
|
|
What religious group recieved an exemption from the illegality of using peyote>
|
Native American church
|
|
|
What are some of the species of Chrysanthemum used for?
|
Insecticidal compounds- sold as Persian insect powder or Dalmation
|
