Plant Biology Weeks 1-6

Front 1

Fungi, Animals & Plants are from which Domain?

Back 1

Eukaryota/es!

Front 2

Three differences between Eukaryotes and Prokaryotes?

Back 2

1) Eukaryotes are organisms whose cells contain nuclei.

2) Eukaryotes have organelles, enclosed within membranes. (eg Mitochondria)

3) Eukaryotes have a cytoskeleton.

Front 3

What are three features distinguishing plant from animal cells?

Back 3

1. Typically larger.

2. Plant cells have organelles called chloroplasts.

3. Plant cells have a cellular wall, animal cells only have the plasma membrane.

Front 4

What are cells made of, and what are _________ __________ used for?

Back 4

Primary metabolites, which are molecules in all plant cells that are directly used in growth & development.

Front 5

The main FOUR organic molecules that make up plant cells are:

Back 5

1. Carbohydrates

2. Lipids

3. Proteins

4. Nucleic acids

Front 6

What are FIVE types of carbohydrates?

Back 6

1. Cellulose

2. Glycogen

3. Chitin

4. Pectin

5. Starch

Front 7

Label this diagram, from top left, going around clockwise.

Back 7

L-R: vacuole, smooth endoplasmic reticulum, ribosome (free), ribosome (attached), nuclear membrane, nucleolus, nucleus with plasmodesmata in the cell wall below, rough endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondrion/a, Golgi apparatus, cell wall showing middle lamella & intercellular space, cell membrane, and a chloroplast.

Front 8

Why are pectins important in the primary cell wall of plants?

Back 8

Pectins bind cells together, and also allow primary cell wall extension and plant growth.

Front 9

What are some of the functions of vacuoles in plant cells?

Back 9

The vacuole is important for storing primary metabolites, secondary metabolites which might otherwise poison the plant, pigments, and to maintain pressure within the cell (turgor) to provide structure and support for the plant.

Front 10

What are secondary metabolites? What is an example of one, its function in plants, and how humans use it?

Back 10

Secondary metabolites, very broadly, enhance a plants chances of survival and success. An example is tannin, which deters herbivores due to its unpalatable bitterness. Humans utilise tannin for tanning, dyeing and preparing ink.

Front 11

Describe the structure of the primary cell wall in plants.

Back 11

Composed of 3 layers:

1. The Middle lamella, a layer rich in pectins, which is outermost,

2. The primary cell wall, a thin and flexible layer composed of a matrix of cellulose microfibrils, and

3. The secondary cell wall, a thick cell wall formed inside the primary after the cell is fully grown. Not found in all cell types.

After this comes the plasma membrane, through which plasmodesmata pass, including through the cell wall.

Front 12

Outline the theory of serial endosymbiosis.

Back 12

Mitochondria and chloroplasts are believed to be the descendants of bacteria that were taken up by an ancient host cell, which was a prokaryotic ancestor. An endosymbiont is an organism that lives within another, dissimilar organism.

Mitochondria came first, then chloroplasts.

Front 13

M phase: as a professional, I met Anne & telephoned her.

Back 13

Prophase - Early, Mid & Late; Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase.

Front 14

To dip spores =

Back 14

The diploid generation contains 2 sets of chromosomes, one from each parent = 2n. Sporophyte generation is diploid.

Front 15

Sexual reproduction occurs during __________.

Happy Game of Zygotes. 1n

Back 15

Meiosis produces gametes, sexual cells which fuse to start a zygote, the new generation.

Gametes = 1n. They're haploid.

Front 16

Broadly, what takes place during the alternation of generations?

Back 16

Fertilisation and meiosis.