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217 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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what are algae?
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*plant-like organisms lacking roots stems and leaves
*chlorophyll a = primary photosynthetic pigment *from 2 domains a)eubacteria b)eukarya |
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what is chlorophyll a?
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primary photosynthetic pigment
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what two domains does algea come from?
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eubacteria and eukarya
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what is the first evolutionary diffrence that mosses have that algea lack?
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embryos
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what kingdom does eukaryotic algae belong to?
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protista
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what color are the algea we are looking at?
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Green
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what are a few general body forms of algae?
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*single cells
-free-living, unicellular organisms *Filaments, clusters and colonies -single cells held together by external substances *multicellular -organisms containing multiple cells with cytoplasmic connections |
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what are a few reproduction forms of algae?
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*asexual cell division
*fragmentation *sexual detail: details vary, but always 2 gametes fusing -sometimes produces resting spores, overwintering form |
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what are a few ways algae obtain nutrition?
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*autotrophic (inorganic compounds used as source of Carbon)
-photo vs chemo *heterotrophic (organic compounds used as source of carbon) |
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what are the two forms of algae nutritional uptake (feeding)?
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Autotrophic (inorganic compounds used as source of Carbon)
heterotrophic (organic compounds used as source of Carbon) |
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what are algae?
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*plant-like organisms lacking roots stems and leaves
*chlorophyll a = primary photosynthetic pigment *from 2 domains a)eubacteria b)eukarya |
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what is chlorophyll a?
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primary photosynthetic pigment
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what two domains does algea come from?
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eubacteria and eukarya
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what is the first evolutionary diffrence that mosses have that algea lack?
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embryos
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what kingdom does eukaryotic algae belong to?
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protista
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what color are the algea we are looking at?
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Green
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what are a few general body forms of algae?
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*single cells
-free-living, unicellular organisms *Filaments, clusters and colonies -single cells held together by external substances *multicellular -organisms containing multiple cells with cytoplasmic connections |
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what are a few reproduction forms of algae?
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*asexual cell division
*fragmentation *sexual detail: details vary, but always 2 gametes fusing -sometimes produces resting spores, overwintering form |
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what are a few ways algae obtain nutrition?
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*autotrophic (inorganic compounds used as source of Carbon)
-photo vs chemo *heterotrophic (organic compounds used as source of carbon) |
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what are the two forms of algae nutritional uptake (feeding)?
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Autotrophic (inorganic compounds used as source of Carbon)
heterotrophic (organic compounds used as source of Carbon) |
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what is the definition of Autotrophic?
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it is the uptake of inorganic compounds used as a source of Carbon (food)
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what is the definition of Heterotrophic?
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it is the uptake of organic compounds used as a source of Carbon (food)
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what are a few habitats the algae occupy?
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Phytoplankton: floating/freeswimming in water column
Periphyton:attached forms -plants or algae -mud or sand -rocks |
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what is phytoplanikton algae?
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floating/free-swimming algae in water column
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what is periphyton algae?
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attached forms of algae
-plants or algae -mud or sand -rocks |
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what are the 5 major groups of algae?
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*Cyanobacteria: blue-greens
*Dinophyta: dinoglagellates *Heterokonts: diatoms, brow algae, and chrysophytes *Rhodophyta: red algae *Chlorophyta: green algae |
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what are the color names of algae based on?
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color names of algae are based on photosynthetic and accessory pigments
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What is an alternative name for cyanobacteria?
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blue-green algae
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what is the alternative name for dinophyta?
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Dinoglagellates
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what are a few alternative names for heterokonts?
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diatoms, brown algae, and chrysophytes
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what is the alternative name for rhodophyta?
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red algae
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what is the alternative name for chlorophyta?
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green algae
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describe cyanophyta aka blue-green algae
*cell type *environment *body form |
*prokaryotic (=bacteria)
*found in lakes, oceans, soil, hot springs (extreme environments) *single cells, filaments most common *thylakoid membranes contain chlorophyll, site of photosynthesis *Evolutionary origin of chloroplasts in photosynthetic eukaryotes |
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what evolutionary contribution did Cyanophyta (blue-green algae) make to eukaryotes?
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Cyanophyta (blue-green algae is the evolutionary origin of chloroplasts in photosyntheic eukaryotes
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can blue-green algae fix nitrogen?
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yes
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what are some characteristics of nitrogen fixation by blue-green algae?
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*can fix N2 inot NH4+ (usable form)
-other algae can't use N2 directly -not all blue-green can do this *highly energy-demaning process -occurs only if environmental levels of N are low *process occurs in specialized cells called heterocysts -body layout close to meeting the definiton of "multicellular" |
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what are heterocysts cells?
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the nitrogen fixation cells of blue-green algae
*body layout close to meeting the defintion of "multicellular" |
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what are some characteristics of Dinoflagellates?
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*most are flagellated, found in both marine and fresh water
*stiff cellulose plates give armored apperance *diversity of nutritional types: autotrophs, detrital feeders, parasites |
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where can Dinoflagellates be found?
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marine and fresh water
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what gives dinoflagellates their name?
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their stiff cellulose plates
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what types of nutritional diversity do dinoflagellates exhibit?
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autotrophs (self feeders)
detrital feeders parasites |
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what widely known biological phenomina do dinoflagellates create?
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red tides
* harmful algal blooms |
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what physical charactersitic do some dinoflagellates exhibit that is unique?
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bioluminescent
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do dinoflagellates create toxins that are harmful to animals and humans? if so how many?
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yes, 60 marine taxa
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what other organism do dinoglagellates have endosymbiosis with?
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dinoflagellates are endosymbionts essential to formation of coral reef ecosystems
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what does heterokonts mean? what is distinct about this group?
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meaning: diffrent flagella
Organisma or their reproductive cells possess 2 distince flagella very distinct: range from colorless flagellates to enourmous kelps |
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what are single cells or chains of cells in heterokonts called?
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diatoms
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what kind of habitats do heterokont diatoms occupy?
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they are ubiquitous, occuring in fresh and salt water
diverse habitats- from polar ice to terrestrial |
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how do you distinguish a heterokont diatom?
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by the presence of frustule: protoplast encased in "box" of opaline silica
**Ornamentation on frustule used to identify species |
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what are fustule's on heterokonts diatoms?
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protoplast encased in 'box' of opaline silica
**ornamentation on frustule used to identify species |
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what are the two catagories of heterokont diatoms?
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Centrics- cylindrical cells having radial symmetry
Pennates-bilateral symmetry |
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what is a pennate heterokont diatom?
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a category of heterokont diatom that has bilateral symmetry
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what is a centrics heterokont diatom?
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a category of heterokont diatom that is cylindrical cells having radial symmetry
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what are the heterokont phaeophytes classified as?
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the brown algae; mostly marine forms, ranging from microscopic filaments to giant kelp
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where are the heterokont phaeophytes found?
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coastal areas of polar, boreal and temperate areas
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what is a distinguishing feature of heterokont phaeophytes kelp? why do they get so large?
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they have specialized cells and tissue
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why are heterokonts phaeophytes kelp so important?
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they are a source of iodine rich food
keystone species in nearshore marine habitats |
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Are Rhodophyta (red algae) found in both marine and freshwater environments
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yes
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where is Rhodophyta, red seaweed, commonly found?
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tropical and temperate coastal areas
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what special grow does Rhodophyta, red algae, exhibit?
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they grow as encrusted corralines
they are also a human food source |
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Are most Chlorophyta, green algae, autotrophic?
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yes
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what is autotrophic?
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self-feeding
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what many forms does Chlorophyta, green algae, have?
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motile and non-motile
unicells and colonies branched and unbranched filaments milticellular and single celled sheets |
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what diverse habitats can Chlorophyta, green algae, habitate?
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freshwater, marine, terrestiral substrates, snow
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what colors can Chlorophyta, green algae, come in?
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Mostly bright green
some orange-red or pink |
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what is Ulva?
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it is sea lettuce, a species of Chlorophyta, green algae
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what unique body form does Ulva (sea lettuce) take (chlorophyta, green algea)?
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sheets of single cells, thick
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what is the life cycle of Ulva (sea lettuce, chlorophyta, green algea)?
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the life cycle is alteration of isomorphic generations
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outline the alteration of heteromorphic generations as a life cycle?
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Sporophyte (multicellular diploid, 2n)--> MEIOSIS--> Haploid spores(n)--> MITOSIS--> Gametophyte (multicellular haploid n)--> MITOSIS--> Gametes (n)--> Fertilization--> Zygote (2n)-->MITOSIS--> Sporophyte
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What group are land plants probably derived from?
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Extinct green algae, group Charophyte
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what characteristics do land plants share with bryophtes that shows a similiar evolutionary lineage?
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Chloroplast structure
Mechanisms for Mitosis and Cytokinesis Heteromorphic alternation of generations Asymmetrical sperm (motile cells) |
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What are the 3 diffrences between non-vascular plants and Charophytes?
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Spores taht resist drying
Protection of developing gametes Multicellulare embryo |
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What makes non-vascular plants spores resistant to drying?
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walls contain sporopollenin (waxy substance)
decay- and chemical-resistant biopolymer |
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what is sporopollenin?
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it is a waxy substance in non-vascular plants spores that is a decay- and chemical-resistant biopolymer
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what is a gametangia in non-vascular plants?
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the structure in which gametes are formed
Antheridium = males-->sperm Archegonium = female-->single egg |
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what is an Antheridium in non-vascular plants?
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the male gametangia that produces sperm
protective structre |
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What is an Archegonium in non-vascular plants?
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the female gametangia that produces a single egg
protective structure |
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what developing structure is found in the Archegonium after fertilization in non-vasular plants?
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retention of the developing multicellular embryo
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what do algae do with their zygotes that makes them diffrent from non-vascular plants?
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they zygote (subsiquently young SPT) are released into the water to float freely-->maybe find each other,maybe not
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What traits unify the land plants?
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*Multicellular eukaryotes
*Photosynthetic, some heterotrophs *primarily sexual repro *alteration of heteromorphic genereations *Embryos |
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What evolutionary trajectories do we see amoung the land plants?
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*increased specializatio of vegitative body structures
*Increased specialization of vegitative body structure *increased diversity of body types *increased diversity of occupied environments *decreased reliance on free water for repro *increased specialization of spore-producing structures *increased dominatnce of sporophyte generation |
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what are some examples of the increased specialization of vegetative body structures in land plants?
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*true leaves, roots and vascular tissue in vascular plants
*strings that move nutrients in non-vascular plants *wood & drought adapted leaves (outer layer wax & cuticle, 2nd layer endodermis; these protect against water loss |
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What are some examples of indreased diversity in body types of land plants?
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all small, low-growing in non-vascular plants (sm trees max size in seedless vascular plants)
*shrubs-trees (gymnosperms) *angiosperms=greatest diversity, all habitats, all contintents |
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what are some examples of increased diversity of occupied environments in land plants?
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*non-vascular plants limited to seasonally wet environments
*seedless vascular are less limited *gymnosperms greatest diversity in dry or cold *Angiosperms=flourish no matter where |
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what are some examples of decreased reliance on free water for reproduction in land plants?
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*swimming sperm in seedless plants
*pollen is wind-dispersed sperm in gymnosperms *variety of vectors of pollenation in angiosperms |
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what are some examples of increased specialization of spore-producing structures in land plants?
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*capsule-like sporangia in non-vascular plants (mosses)
*simple strobili or sori in seedless vascular plants *micro- & Megasporangiate cones *micro- & mega spores produced in anther & carpels respectively * |
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What are some examples of increasing dominance of the sporophyte generation?
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*non-vascular plants=GPT dominant
*seedless vascular plants=SPT dominant; most GPT's free-living and photosynthetic-->form archegonia & antheridia *gymosperms: MegaGPT retain megasporophyll and serve as food source for new sporophyte (in seed): MicroGPT pollen grain *Angiosperms: MegaGPT only 7 cells, 8 nuclei; microGPT a pollen grain 3 cells: tube, 2 sperm |
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what is the definition of Mycology?
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fungus study
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What are the three domains of life?
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bacteria
archaea eukarya |
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what are the five kingdoms included with in the Eukarya domain?
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plants
animals fungi protista stramenopila |
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what are some characteristics of fungi?
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*Eukaryotic
*non-vascular- no specialized tissue for transport *repro by spores-->wind disseminated *both sexual(meiotic) & asexual (mitotic) spores produced *typically not motile, exception; Chytrids have motile phase |
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what is the nuclear cycle of fungi?
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it is the alteration of generations for fungi, their life cycle
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describe in detail the nuclear cycle of fungi
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N (germination and growth--> haploid mycelium--> plasmogamy(haploid mycelium 2)-->Dikaryon-->indefinite growth-->dikaryotic mycelium N+N--> signals-->fruiting body-->karyogamy-->zygotic nucleus diploid 2N-->meiosis-->haploid spore--> N
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what is hyphae? (hypha-singlular) (fungi)
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the vegitative growth form in the great majority of fungi
*a system of thread-like, walled cylindrieal growths *make up the mycelium |
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What is the mycelium of a fungi made of?
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many interwoven hyphae
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what is the single celled vegetative form of fungi called?
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yeast
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what is yeast?
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the single celled vegetative form of fungi
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what is the extra generation that is present in the fungi life cycle? what is it called
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Dikaryon N+N stage
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what is plasmogamy?
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the fusing of the mycelium
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what is unique about dikaryon? (fungi)
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they are long lasting
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what is karyogamy in fungi?
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the union of nuclei into a diploid cell
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what is plasmogam + karyogamy equal to in animals/plants? (fungi)
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fertilization
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when all hyphae form from one organism, what is this? (fungi)
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mycelium
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when many hyphae from many organisms come together what is this called? (fungi)
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mycelia
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what type of repro do yeast do? (fungi)
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budding, asexual
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where does grown happen in fungi?
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at the tip of the hyphae
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what does branching do for fungi? what benefit?
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it increases surface area
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where is the only spot where fungi are able to grow and feed?
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at the tip
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what is the function of septa/septum?
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the seperate the growing hyphae into segments
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what makes the cell walls of fungi diffrent from plants?
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they are made of chitin, which makes them more similar to bugs and crustaceans than plants
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are there photosynthetic fungi?
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no, they have to chloroplasts
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are fungi heterotrophic or autotrophic?
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heterotrophic, they digest then ingest--> use exoenzymes
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how is fungi digestion unique?
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they dump their enzymes (exoenzymes) outside of themselves than absorb the nutrients
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how do exoenzymes work in fungi and aid in hypea growth?
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vessils move to tip--> bond--> dump enzymes--> enzymes break down medium--> tip grows and absorbs nutrients
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what advantage does fungi have by not having chlorophyll?
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*not light dependant
*can occupy dark habitats *can grow any direction *can invade the interior of the substrate via enzymes |
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what do fungi store their food as that makes them more similar to animals than plants?
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good is stored as glycogen
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how are fungi harmful to humans?
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*cause human disease (atheletes foot and yeast)
*cause disease of plants and animals (cereal crops) *rot and contamination of foods *can destroy almost every kind of manufactured good (expections=plastic & pesticides) |
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how are fungi beneficial to humans?
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yeast-->baking and brewing
antibiotics-->penicillin & cephalosporin organic acids produced with fungi-->citric acid in Coke steroids & hormones-->the pill stinky cheese-->blue cheese |
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what makes fungi good experimental organisms?
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easil cultured, little space, multiply rapidly, short life cycle
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what are characteristics of a saprophyte fungi?
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*use non-living organic material
*scavangers in ecosystem *important in recycling carbon, nitrogen, and essential mineral nutrients |
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what are the 4 ways fungi take up nutrients?
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*saprophytes
*parasites *mutualists *commensals |
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what are characteristics of parasitic fungi?
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*use organic material from living organism-->cause harm
*Large host range:single cells up to humans *major parasite of plants |
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what is a pathogen?
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a parasite consistently associated with an identifiable disease
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what is a symbiont?
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two organisms that live together, mutualistic, both organisms benefit
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what are mycorrhizae? what is their mutualistic interaction?
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mutualistic
fungi associated with plant roots *get sugar from plants--> assists plant obtain phosphorous (ATP, GTP ect) & nitrogen (protein) |
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what are Lichens? what is their mutualistic interaction?
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mutualistic
association of fungi with algae or cyanobacteria *get sugar; provides protection and nutrients |
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what are Endophtes? what is their mutualistic interaction?
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mutualistic
fungi that live inside cells of plants *usually inside leaves; gets sugar: produces chemicals that deter insects |
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what is commensalism?
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one organism uses another to gain a better position in environment
*neither is harmed, usually no physiological interaction |
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what is the key to fungi sucess?
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SPORES!!
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what special characteristic do fungi spores possess?
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they are able to remain dormant until conditions are favorable
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what are the four major phyla of fungi? (based on sexual spores)
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Chytridiomycota-->sexual and asexual spores motile, with posterior flagella
Zygomycota-->sexual spores are think walled resting spores called zygospores Ascomycota-->spores borne internally in a sac called an ascus Basidiomycota--> spores borne externally on a club-shaped structure called a basidium Deuteromycetes-->no known sexual state in life cycle |
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what is the fungi name (general) that affects frogs?
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Chytrid
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what are defining characteristics of Chytridiomycota?
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sexual and asexual spores motile, with posterior flagella
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what are defining characteristics of Zygomycota?
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Sexual spores are think walled resting spores called zygospores
asexual spores are borne internally in a sporangium |
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what is a zygospore?
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the think walled resting sexual spores of zygomycota
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where are the asexual spores of zygomycota borne?
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inside the sporangium
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what are defining characteristics of Ascomycota?
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sexual spores borne internally in a sac called an ascus
asexual spores born externall as conidia |
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what is the ascus of Ascomycota?
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the sac where sexual spores of Ascomycota are borne internally
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what is the condidia of Ascomycota?
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where asexual spores are borne externally
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what is Basidiomycota?
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the sexual spores borne externally on a club-shaped struture (a basidium)
usually no asexual spores |
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what is a basidium?
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the club-shaped structure that sexual spores of basidiomycota are borne off of
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what is Psidocybin? (fungi)
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chemical that is in Psychedelic mushrooms produce
trance-like state induced |
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what are the fuctions of fruiting bodies in fungi?
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*produce sexual spores for dissemination
*raise or project spores into air, assist with dispersal |
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what are the different ways fungi increase surface areas of fruiting bodies? (types)(increasing spore bearing surface)
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gills
pores folds teeth blunt ridges upright branches (corals) smooth |
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what are defining characteristics of Deuteromycetes?
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no known sexual state, usually reproduce by conidia as asexual state
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what are Mycoses?
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fungi directly invading human tissue
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what are a few examples of dieseases of Mycoses?
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Candidiasis--> candida
athlete's foot--> Tinea pedis Pseudallescheriasis-->Pseudallescheria boydii |
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What are two examples of Mycorrhizae (fungi)?
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Ectomycorrhizae-->fungus forms a sheath outside the rooot
Endomycorrhizae--> vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizae (VAM), no sheath |
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what is the definition of a Ectomycorrhizae fungus?
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fungus forms a sheath outside the root
penetrates b/w cells of cortex to facilitate nutrient exchange ALWAYS a Basidiomycota |
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what is the definition of a Endomycorrhizae fungi?
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also known as Vesicular-arbscular mycorrhizae
(VAM) does not form sheath around roots-->penetrates the cortical cells, but not cell membrane member of Zygomycota |
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what structure in the plant are considered the shoot system?
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the above ground portion
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what is a meristem?
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undifferentiated cells
*not yet specialized *a lot like stem cells in humans *where new plant growth happens |
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do axillary buds have meristematic tissue?
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yes, but it is dorment
*plants grow branches by activating axillary meristem tissue-->new brach has new terminal bud which acts as old terminal bud did |
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where are the axillary buds found?
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the reverse armpit
each leaf possess an axillary bud |
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what is a node?
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location where one or more leaves attach
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what is the internode?
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the part of the stem between the node
*it does not have terminal bud or braches, it is clear of structures |
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what is found inside the terminal bud?
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the shoot apical meristem (plant stem cells)
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What is basal plant growth? example?
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leaves grow one on top of another; little elongation of the internode
*no visible stem *short growth form Ex: Rosette plant, hen and chicks |
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what is caulescent plant growth? example?
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leaves/branches have internodes, they are stretched out
*stem clearly visible *taller growth forms Ex: Roses |
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what are the 3 tissue systems found in vascular plants?
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ground: general
vascular: transport dermal: protection |
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what are the major functions of all stems?
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support
conduction storage |
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what is the function of roots?
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absorbption of water and nitrogen
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what is the function of dermal tissue?
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plant skin
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what is the function of vascular tissue?
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transport of nutrients
*xylem and phloem |
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what is the function of ground tissue?
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bulk
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what is another name for vascular bundles?
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fasicular bundles
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what is the space between bundles in the stem called?
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the interfascicular region
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what is pith?
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ground tissue, adds bulk to the plant
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do monocot stems have pith?
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no
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do monocots possess bundle sheaths?
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yes, they outline the cell
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where does photosynthesis take place?
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the chloroplasts
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what is chlorophylll?
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the pigment that traps light, found in chloroplasts
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what is the function of a cuticle of a leaf?
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it is the waxy layer that holds water in the leaf
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what is a stomata?
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a pore that opens and closes
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what is the function of a stomata in a leaf?
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open and close the pore to allow air and gas movement around the leaf
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what are guard cells?
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they are the cells that are around the stomata mostly on the bottom of the leaf
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what are bulliform cells?
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cells that run longitudinal to the veins in leaves. *Assist in folding of leaves when water is scarce(decrease surface area; less sunlight let in), open leaves when water is present
* |
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what is the difference between sun leaves and shade leaves?
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sun leaves have thicker pallisade layer, more veins and thicker epidermis
shade leaves *Shade leaves are thinner, maximize surface area |
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what is the mesophyll and where is it located?
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it is the ground tissue in the middle of the leaf
it is made up of the palisade layer and the spongy layer |
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what are the palisades of a leaf made of?
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Chloroplasts
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what is the midvein of a leaf?
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the largest vein along the long axis of the leaf
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what is the function of major veins of the leaf? Where are the located?
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the are the veins that are imbedded in rib, they function in transport
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what is the function of minor veins of the leaf? Where are the located?
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embedded in mesophyll, collect photosythates (sugar)
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what are bundle sheaths and what is their function?
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layers of cells surronding vascular tissue so no part is exposed to intercellular air
*controls the movement of substances in and out of veins |
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what is lignin?
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supportive body tissue in plants
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what are tendrils? what is their function?
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they are modified leaves or stems
aid in support |
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what are cladophylls? what is their function?
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they are modified stems
functionas photosynthetic organ look like leaves, no axial buds |
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What are 3 types of defensive structure plants make?
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spines= modified leaves
*ex: Cacti Thornes= modified stems *ex: hawthorn Prickels= outgrowth of cortex and epidermis *ex: rose |
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What are 3 modified means of food storage in plants?
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Tuber= potato
*modified stem Corm= food stored in stem *leaves small & thin Bulb= small stem *food stored in thinki fresh leaves Onion |
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what is starch?
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the storage form of carbohydrates in plants
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what is included in the above ground shoot system?
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Stems and leaves (the parts we see)
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What is include in the below ground shoot system?
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roots
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what are some functions of roots?
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anchorage
absorption-->mainly H2O Storage Conduction Synthesis (hormones & secondary metabolites |
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what are the two diffrent kinds of root systems?
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tap roots
Fibrous roots |
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what is a tap root system?
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primary root that grows straight down and there are branches off of this(lateral roots)
*found in gymnosperms, magnolids & eudicots |
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what is a primary root?
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first root produced by the seedling as it germinates
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what is a fibrous root system?
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*no single prominent root (primary root of seedling shortlived)
*roots arise from stem (adventitious roots) *found in monocots |
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what is an adventitious root?
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root arising from the stem (arise from axillary bud on stem)
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what is the crown of a plant?
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the width spaned above ground
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what is the root apical meristem? (RAM)
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a ball of cells NEAR tip that is the source of new cells for growing root
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What is a rootcap?
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cells in front of root apical meristem that protect this structure
*secrete slimy polysaccharides called mucigel that lubriate the root tip |
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where do lateral roots originate?
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from within the roots, not the buds
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how is growth achieved in roots?
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growth is acheived by pushing/throwing root cap open
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what are root hairs?
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extensions of individual epidermal cells
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what is the purpose of root hairs?
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greatly increase surface area for water and nutrient uptake
increasing efficency |
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what is the outermost layer of a root called?
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epidermis
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what is the cortex of a root and what is its purpose?
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the largest area of cells
lots of inercellular spaces to allow water movement in cells |
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what is theyy stele of a root?
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the vascular tissue in center
inside of endodermis |
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what is the vascular cylinder composed of and what is its shape?
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xylem on inside and phloem on outside
in the shape of an X |
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where is the pericycle of a root located?
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it surronds the vascular tissue inside the stele
it is the origin of lateral roots |
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what is the endodermis?
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the innermost layer of cortex of root
contains casparian strip It is the brick wall |
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What is the casparian strip?
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cell walls perpendicular to the root surface having a waxy coat
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what is symplastic flow in the endodermis of roots?
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any movement into stele must pass thru cytoplasm
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what are the main diffrences in dicot and monocot roots?
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Dicots have stele in center
Monocots have large cortex and xylem center arranged in ring |
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what are advantitious roots?
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roots arising from the stem
*support-->clinging or proping |
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what are phematophore's? (roots)
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false roots that assist w/ air exchange
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can roots be used for food storage?
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yes, most roots are storage organs
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