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139 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is Microsporogenesis?
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The making (generating) microspores
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Where does Microsporogenesis occur?
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in the anther
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When a microspore mother cell undergoes mieosis what is the product?
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4 haploid microspores
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what does each microspore develop into?
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individual pollen grains
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what do pollen sacs contain?
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they contain pollen grains
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how many cells does a microgametophye have?
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Three (3) cells: 2 sperm and 1 tube cell
together they are the pollen grain |
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What is the formation of microgametophytes called?
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microgametogenesis
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What 3 cells make up a mature pollen grain?
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1 tube cells & 2 sperm
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pollen grain = ?
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Microgametophyte
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what is pollination?
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the movement from anther to stigma
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what are the two forms of passive pollination?
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wind and water
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what are the three forms of assisted pollination?
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insects,birds, and other animals
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define germination
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pollen takes up water from stigma
*the pollen grows thru the style to the micropyle and penetrates the cell next to the egg |
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what is self incompatibility
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it is when a plant is unable to reproduce with itself
*It must be pollinated by a diffrent plant to reproduces |
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what is a sporangium?
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the spore making structure
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what is a ovule?
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this is the part that will become a seed
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where does Megasporogenesis occur?
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inside the carpals
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what occurs inside the carpals?
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Megosporogenesis
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what makes up an ovule?
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Nucellus (mmegasporangium)
Integuments Megaspore mother cell |
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megasporogenesis creates how many megaspores?
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4 cells: 3 disintergrate
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how many nuclei are in a megagametophyte?
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8 nuclei in 7 cells
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what is the cellular arrangement of the megagametophyte?
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egg cell is near opening(micropyle) at one end
(2) synergids to either side central cell with (2) nuclei (3) antipodals-->opposite end |
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how do the sperm enter the egg?
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through the micropyle, through one of the synergids to the egg
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what is an endosperm?
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a 3(n) cell made of 1 sperm cell and a central cell with 2 nuclei
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what is double fertilization?
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only in angeosperms
1 sperm enters egg forming zygote 1 sperm joins with 2 nuclei in central cell |
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what do zygotes become?
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they become eggs
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where do the endosperm (3n) come from?
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the central cell fused with one of the sperm
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what nurishes the new plant?
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the endosperm (3n)
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where does the seed coat come from?
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the maternal plant (tenatively the ovary)
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what is the embryo made of?
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the diploid sporophyte zygote
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what are the cotyledons?
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1st leaves of a seedling
serves same purpose as endosperm provides energy source while plant is underground |
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what is vegatative matter?
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non-reproductive plant body
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What is a fruit?
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ovary containing a seed
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what is a pistol?
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several fused carpals
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what are the three types of fruit?
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Simple
Aggregate Multiple |
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What makes a simple fruit?
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one or several united carpels
acorn |
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What is an aggregate fruit?
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Several seperate carpels
Strawberry |
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What is a multiple fruit?
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more than one flower making a single fruit.
pineapple |
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what is a fleshy fruit?
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soft fruit with a high sugar content, often red in color
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what is a dry fruit?
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hard fruit can be dehiscent (cracking open) or indehiscent (not cracking open)
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how are dry fruits dispersed?
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they crack open violently or attach to animal fur/feathers or wind or water
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what does dehiscent mean?
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fruit that cracks open
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what does indehiscent mean?
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fruit that does not crack open
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what made angiosperms so successful?
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*ovules and seed are protected by the ovary wall in carpels
*Resistant to drought and cold *specialized seed dipersal & pollination |
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What are the two types of defenses that plants use?
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Physical
Chemical |
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What are costs to plants of herbivory?
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Wasted energy: lose of body parts
lose of future energy increased risk of infection |
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what are some physical defenses that plants use?
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spine
thorns prickles trichomes |
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what are of the chemical defenses used?
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Glycosides
Alkaloids Tannins Furanocoumarins Resins |
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What is a constituitive defense?
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one that is always present
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What is a induced defense?
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produced in response to damage
or being attacked |
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What are the Gymnosperms?
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The naked seeds
*ovules and seeds not covered) |
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What do archegonia make?
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egg cells
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what are the four phyla of the gymnosperms?
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Coniferophyta
Ginkgophyta Cycadophyta Gnetophyta |
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What is an example of a Ginkgophyta?
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Ginkgo biloba
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What is an example of a Gnetophyta?
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*Welwitschia aka Traffic accident in the desert
*Ephedra |
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What is an example of a Cycadophyta?
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palm like tropical plants
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What is a Coniferophyta?
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Pine trees
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What are distinguishing features of Coniferophyta?
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*leaves and fascicles
*Tallest vascular plant *growth in spiral pattern around stem *adapted to cool and dry climates *generally evergreen |
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how long does it take for pine reproduction to be complete?
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2 years
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Are pines monoecious or diecious?
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Monecious
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what are two types of cones produced?
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ovulate cones and pollen cones
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Where are ovulate cones located?
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upper branches
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Where are pollen cones located?
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lower branches, they are smaller
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what is a seed scale complex?
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2 ovules on upper surface and subtendgin bract
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how long does it take a pine megaspore to develop into a megagametophyte?
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15 months
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where is pollen produced in pines?
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microspores are produced in microsporangiate cone (ie pollen cone)
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what is the microsporphylls on a pine cone?
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the "leaves" of a pine cone
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what makes up a microgemetophyte in a pine?
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2 prothallial cells
a generative cell a tube cell All via mitosis |
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what are spores produced by?
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Meiosis
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what are gametes produced by?
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Mitosis
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what time does pollination occur in pines?
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spring
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does fertilization occur right after pollination in pines?
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no, it has a long delay (months later)
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What does the pollen tube grow towards?
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The megagametophyte
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what is a generative cell?
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it is a microgametophyte
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how many cells are produced through generative cell division?
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2 sperm cells
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does double fertilization occur in pines?
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no, both sperm are discharged into egg where one unites with egg nucleus, and the other degenerates
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how many embryos can be produced from a single megagametophyte?
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as many as there are eggs but only one will develop fully
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how many pine embryos develop with in a singel megagametophyte?
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one embryo per megagametophyte
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what are some descriptive characteristics of Cycadophyta?
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palm-like tropical plants
Diecious Multiflagellated sperm Probably pollinated by beetles secondary growth (woody) |
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What are some descriptive characteristics of Ginkgophyta?
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Deciduous (lose your leaves)
Dioecious Flagellated sperm Fleshy seed coat herbal remedy |
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What are some descriptive characteristics of Gneophyta?
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non-motile sperm
Dioecious most closely related to angiosperms |
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What are the two phyla of seedless vascular plants?
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Lycopodiophyta
Pteridophyta |
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What makes up a Lycopodiophyta group?
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the club "mosses"
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what makes up the pteridophyta group?
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the whisk ferns, the horsetails, and the ferns
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what are distinguishing characteristics of lycophytes?
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microphylls (simple leaves)
roots evergreen |
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What are Microphylls?
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simple leaves
leave with only one vein of vascular tissue |
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what is homosporus reproduction?
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it is when all the spores are identical
they germinate to form bisexual gametophytes |
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what is heterosporous reproduction?
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it is when there are microspores (males gametophyte=sperm)
and megaspores (female gemetophyte=eggs) |
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What are Stobili?
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Cones
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What is in the axels (arm pits) of stobili?
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Microsporophylls and megasporophylls
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what do fern antheridium make?
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Sperm
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Where in ferns does fertilization occur?
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in the arcegonium
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what is a sporangium?
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a spore producing structure
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what phyla has a free living gametophyte?
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the "true" ferns
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What is a compound leaf of a fern called?
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a Frond
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What is a Rhizome?
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a underground stem
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Is fern sperm motile?
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yes
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What is the plody of a young sporophyte?
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2N
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What is the plody of the parent gametophyte?
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1N
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What is a Sori?
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a cluster of sporangia
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Where is a Sori found?
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The underside of frond
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what is the frond?
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from the petiol to the blade
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What are fiddleheads?
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Expanding fern leaves
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what is the purpose of the Indusium?
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it protects the developing fern
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what is a defining characteristic of Aquatic Ferns?
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They are the only living heterosporous fern
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What are some defining characteristics of Pteridophyta "whisk ferns"?
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no leaves or roots
they do have stems (vascular part) tropical and subtropical they have swimming sperm that req' H20 has bisexual gametophytes |
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What is special about the whisk fern gametophytes?
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they contain mutualistic fungus because they are non-photosynthetic
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What are some defining characteristics of Pteridophyta "horsetails or scouring rushes"?
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*oldest surving seedless vascular plants
*conspicuous joints *MICROPHYLLS WHORLED *branching underground rhizomes |
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What is the modified cone in Equisetum called?
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strobilus
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What are the two major innovations from seedless to seed plants?
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seeds
embryo, stored food, & seed coat replaces spore as unti of dispersal Pollen independent from free water for sperm transport |
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What are some similarities amoung vascular plants?
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*Independent sporophyte
*Branched sporophyte with multiple sporangia *True vascular tissue *Lignin-Support |
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Define Xylem?
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movement of water and nutrients
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Define Phloem?
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The movement of food
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What is true vascular tissue?
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it is the efficient fluid conducting system
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What does Lignin do?
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it provides support
makes up the: cell walls allows for taller growth in plants |
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What do the roots in vascular plants do?
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Anchor plants allowing for absorption of water and minerals
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What do shoots in vascular plants do?
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support leaves for photosythesis
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What are the three types of tissue systems?
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Dermal
Vascular Ground |
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What does the Dermal tissue system do?
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protects against damage and water loss
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What does the Vascular tissue system do?
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allows transport with in the plant body
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What does the Ground tissue system do?
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increases bulk of the individuals body
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What was the Carboniferous period?
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Age of the coal forest
*very hot *very high CO2 *plant productivity was high *decomposition could not keep pace=fossil fuels |
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What effects will increased atmospheric CO2 have on ecosystems?
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*increse earth temp
*affects time and amount of precipitation *frequency of extreme weather events increse |
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What are the non-vascular plants called?
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Bryophytes
Anthocerophyta Hepatophyta |
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What makes up the Hepatophyta?
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Liver warts
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What makes up the Anthocerophyta?
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Horn Warts
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What makes up the Bryophytes?
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True moss
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What is a Stomata?
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pores in the leaf surface that control the open and closing
helps with gas exchange |
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How do non-vascular plants support themselves out of water?
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Short Stature (no-vascular tissue)
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What are some diffrences between vascular and non-vascular plants?
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No vascular tissue
*no true xylem or phloem *limits plant height *water must be present to be active Non-vascular gametophyte is dominant Unbranched sporophyte with a single sporangium No Lignin |
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What is the dominant generation in non-vascular plants?
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GAMETOPHYTE
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What is Lignin?
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Provides support in vascular plant cell walls
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Do non-vascular plants have swimming sperm?
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yes, they also require H2O
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What are some defining characteristics of non-vascular plants?
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Sporophyte is nutritionally dependent on and permanently attached to gametophyte
No true roots, stems or leaves |
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What is a defining characteristic of Hepatophyta (liverworts)?
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dichotomous branching gametophyte
Lobed looking growth form |
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What is a defining characteristic of Anthoceerophyta (hornworts)?
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the sporophytes look like horns
gametophyte is leafy |
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What are some defining characteristic of Bryophyta (true mosses)?
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the free living moss that you see is the gametophyte generation
Look leafy, but not true leaves Rhizoids, but not true roots |
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Defining characteristics of Sporophyte generation of Bryophyta?
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non-vascular
possess a stomata possible conducting tissue |
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Relative to size, what is a sporophyte and gametophyte in Bryophyta?
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Sporophyte=small
gametophyte=large |
