Plant Biology

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Indeterminate Growth

Back 1

Growth without a genetically predetermination. Plants won't stop growing

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Determinate growth

Back 2

genetically predetermined growth. Humans will stop growing eventually.

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Photosynthesis

Back 3

The process of plants taking up sunlight and turning them into sugars and taking up CO2 and turning it into O2.

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Evolution

Back 4

change in organisms over time.

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Alga (algae plural)

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unicellular and multicellular photosynthesizing protists

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Charophyte

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Algae that are the closest living relative to plants

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Alternation of generations

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A life cycle in which there is both a multicellular diploid form (sporophyte) and a multicellular haploid form (gametophyte)

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Sporophyte

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The diploid part of the life cycle of a cell

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Gametophyte

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The haploid part of the life cycle of a cell

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Spore

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the new haploid individual after a sporophyte undergoes meiosis, which can then undergo mitosis to become a gametophyte.

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Fertilization

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The union of haploid gametes to produce a diploid zygote.

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zygote

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diploid individual produced by fertilizations

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Sporopollenin

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A membrane surrounding spores of plants and zygotes of charophyte algae that protects them form drying out. A mechanism that evolved from the move to land.

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Bryophyte

Back 14

Nonvascular land plants.

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Moss

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common bryophyte

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Seedless vascular plants

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Vascular plant that lacks seeds.

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Gymnosperm

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a vascular plant that bears naked seeds. pine trees

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Angiosperm

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a flowering plant which forms seeds inside ovary

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Seed

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embryo and food source (endosperm) packaged within a protective coat

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Pollen

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carrier of the gametophyte

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Cuticle

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The waxy covering of stems and leaves on plants

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rhizoid

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"roots" of bryophytes. Cell(s) that anchor them to the ground. They do not play a primary role in water and mineral absorption.

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Stomatal pore

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allows gas and water exchange between the plant and the environment.

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embryophyte

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plants with multicellular dependent embryos

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Monocot

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plants with one cotyledon (embryonic seed leaf)

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dicot

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plants with two cotyledons (embryonic seed leaves)

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Cone

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the unprotected seed of a bryophyte

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flower

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sexual reproduction of an angiosperm

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root and root system

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part of a plant that absorbs water and nutrients and anchors the plant and stores food

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stem

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nodes and internodes supporting the leaves and reproductive organs

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leaf

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organ for photosynthesis

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shoot system

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the portion of the plant above land that consists of stems, leaves, and flowers (in angiosperms)

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Primary root

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the main root

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Lateral Root

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a root arising of pericycle

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tap root system

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main vertical root (carrot), anchorage and deep water

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fibrous root system

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grows fast and gets topsoil nutrients but doesn't care much about water

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root hair

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tiny hair growing off root. increases surface area

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apical bud

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bud at tip of stem for height growth

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axillary bud

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bud between stem and leaf for forming a branch

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node

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point of stem where branches and leaves are attached

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internode

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part of stem between nodes

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petiole

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stalk of the leaf which attaches to stem

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rhizome

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horizontally growing stem underground with branches and roots

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tuber

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thickened part of stem or rhizome

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tendril

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specialized stem, leaf, or petiole used for climbing

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leaf midrib

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strengthened vein on midline of leaf

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leaf vein

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part of vascular system

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dermal

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plant tissue that is on the outside of the plant

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vascular

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plant tissue that faces the vascular part of the plant on the inside

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ground

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plant tissue that is not vascular nor dermal

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pith

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ground tissue closer to the middle of a plant than the vascular tissue

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cortex

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ground tissue between vascular and dermal tissue

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parenchyma

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unspecialized plant cell type for metabolism, synthesis, and storage

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collenchyma

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celery. strong strings of cells that support the plant without restraining growth

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sclerenchyma

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thick, strong plant cells

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xylem

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wood. dead cells forming cell walls that direct water upward through the plant

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phloem

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live cells forming cell walled tubes that direct sugars and nutrients through the plant

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tracheid

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dead cell found in xylem to help move water

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vessel elements

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dead cells found in xylem forming the vessels

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sieve tubes

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living cell that conducts sugars and other organic nutrients in phloem

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sieve plates

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end wall in sieve tube to help move sugars

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companion cell

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cells connected to sieve tube plates by plasmodesmata which serve sieve tube elements

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root cap

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protective part on tip of root

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apical meristem

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embryonic tissue in tips of root and buds of stem that help lengthen plant

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quiescent center

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part of root and shoot that differentiates at a slower rate to replace any damaged cells

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elongation zone

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new cells get long

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differentiation zone

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cells specialize

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lateral meristem

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thickens roots and shoots of woody dicots

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vascular cambium

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lays down new vascular tissue like secondary xylem and secondary phloem

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cork cambium

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replaces endodermis to be thicker and tougher (bark)

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primary xylem/primary phloem

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new transport veins contributing to height. happens at apical meristems

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secondary xylem/secondary phloem

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new transport veins contributing to width. happens at lateral meristem

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Water potential

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water will flow from a less negative water potential to a more negative water potential

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osmosis

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water flows from higher concentration to lower concentration through cell wall

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cohesion

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linking together of water molecules due to hydrogen bonds

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tension

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sucks water up straws

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adhesion

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water sticks to xylem cell wall

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plamsmolyzed

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cell loses water so cytoplasm shrivels and plasma membrane pulls away form cell wall

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flaccid

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wilted. water leaves cell. higher water potential in cell

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turgid

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rigid, higher water potential outside cell

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symplast

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the path of cytoplasm connected by plasmodesmata between cells

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apoplast

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everything external to the cell membrane including cell walls, inter membrane space and space in xylem and tracheids.

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endodermis

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innermost layer of cortex in roots that surrounds vascular tissue

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Caspian strip

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ring of impermeable wax in endodermal cells that blocks passive flow of water

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Plasmodesmata

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connections of cells in symplast

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Source

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place where there is the creation of too many sugars

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sink

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place where there aren't enough sugars

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pressure flow

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movement of sugars dissolved in water via osmosis and pressure

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translocation

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transport of organic nutrients in phloem

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rhizosphere

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area around roots rich in rhizobacteria

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rhizobacteria

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microorganisms that have a symbiotic relationship with plants

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endophyte

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microorganism that lives within a plant

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rhizobium

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nitrogen fixing bacteria

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root nodule

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parts of legumes' roots that house rhizobium

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leghaemoglobin

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protein made by plant and a cofactor made by the bacteria to exchange nitrogen and oxygen

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crop rotation

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switching crops every season to replenish the nitrogen to the soil

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mychorrizae

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mutualistic relationship between fungus and root

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epiphyte

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a plant that grows harmlessly on other plants

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carnivorous plants

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plants that get nutrients by trapping animals

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epidermis

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single layer of cells acting as "skin" of plant

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mesophyll

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inner tissue of the leaf

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spongy mesophyll

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gas exchange in mesophyll and helps with photosynthesis

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palisade mesophyll

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specific place where photosynthesis happens inside the inner tissue of the leaf

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trichomes

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small hairs on plants

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asexual reproduction

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reproducing without sexual interactions. cloning

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stamen

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anther + filament. Male part of flower

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carpel

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stigma + style + ovary. female part of flower

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sepal

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green "petal" functioning as protection

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ovule

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part of female reproduction containing the female gametophyte inside the ovary

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receptacle

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the thickened part of the stem from which flowers grow

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double fertilization

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the joining of the female gametophyte with two male gametophytes to ensure a zygote and an endosperm

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synergid

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a small cell in the embryo sac nursing the ovum

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micropyle

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small opening in ovule for sperm to enter

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generative cell

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divides to create two male gametophytes

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tube cell

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produced by division of microspore and grows down the style to reach the ovule

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fruit

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forms from ovule in flower to carry and disperse seeds

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Phototropism

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response of a plant to light

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auxin

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Plant hormone that causes elongation. Auxin goes to the shadowed part of the stem to elongate that part of the stem so the stem bends toward light. bud dormancy

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Cytokinin

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chemical promoting cell division. cell growth.

Front 120

polar transport

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hormone (like auxin) moves through cell in a specific direction. Similar to when there are multiple entrances in a room but only one exit.

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PIN protein

Back 121

the exit pathway for auxin

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acid-growth

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plant cells and cell walls can elongate quickly at a low pH

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apical dominance

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Growth is concentrated at the apical bud because it partially inhibits axillary bud growth

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tropism

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The bending of plants toward or away from stimulation due to partial cell elongation.

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cryptochrome

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responds to blue light for elongation response

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Phytochrome (Pfr and Pr)

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responds to far red light/red light to signal seed germination

Pr: short day flowers, active form

Prf: long day flowers, inactive form

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giberellin

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hormones that stimulate growth, trigger germination of seeds, break bud dormancy, and stimulate fruit development

stimulates aleurone which releases amylases to break down sugars

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aleurone

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protein in seeds and tubers

releases amylases to break down sugars

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amylase

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protein that breaks down sugars

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Florigen

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the old name for the flowering signal in plants

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FT

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the protein that signals the apical meristem to produce a flower

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shade avoidance

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When plants are under other plants (so they are in the shade) they absorb more far red light than red light so they grow fast and tall.

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Gravitropism

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starch filled organelles called statoliths sense auxin causing the plant to grow in response to gravity

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Statolith

Back 134

starch filled organelle that senses gravity