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74 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Cell theory |
1) all living organisms are composed of one or more cells 2) the chemical reaction of a living organism take place within cells 3) cells arise from other cells 4) cells contain hereditary info which is passed on |
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protoplast |
part of plant cell besides the cell wall |
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vacuoles |
- defining characteristic of plant cells - often liquid filled cavities in cytoplasm |
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tonoplast |
single membrane surrounding vacuole |
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cytoplasmic streaming |
organelles in cytoplasm swept along in orderly fashion |
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plastids |
- characteristic component of plant cells - concerned with storage and photosynthesis - types: chloroplast, leucoplast, chromoplast - surrounded by 2 membranes |
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thylakoid |
membranous flattened sacs of plastids |
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stroma |
matrix of plastid |
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grana |
stacks of thylakoids in chloroplasts |
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nucleoids |
DNA containing region in chloroplast |
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chromoplast |
pigmented plastid (no chlorophyll, only carotenoid) |
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leucoplast |
- type of plastid that lack pigments and elaborate system of internal membranes - dif types like amyloplast (starch synthesizing) |
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proplastid |
- small, undifferentiated plastids in meristematic (dividing) cells of roots - precursor of other plastids |
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prolamellar bodies |
- formed from proplastid when it doesnt turn into other plastid - semicrystalline bodies with tubular membranes |
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etioplast |
- plastid containing prolamellar bodies - develop in leafs in the dark - turn into chloroplasts when exposed to light |
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microtubules |
- made of tubulin - 13 subunits (protofilaments) arranged in helix around core - exhibit polarity and dynamic instability - assembly occurs at microtubule organizing centers - pull chromosomes apart during cell division |
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microfilaments |
- made of actin - polarity - involved in cytoplasmic streaming - smaller than microtubule
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flagella and cilia |
- same but flagella longer and less, cilia shorter and more numerous - 9 + 2 microtubule arrangement (9 pairs on outside with 2 single on inside)
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basal bodies |
cylinder-shaped structure in cytoplasm that that flagella grow out of |
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sporophyte |
diploid stage in the life cycle of a plant |
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gametophyte |
haploid stage in the life cycle of a plant |
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nucleolus |
- non-membrane bound structure composed of proteins and nucleic acids found in the nucleus - rRNA is transcribed and assembled here |
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microfibril |
- very fine fiber-like strand consisting of glycoproteins and cellulose - cellulose is bundled together in microfibrils - cell wall made of fibrils, which are made of microfibrils, which are made of cellulose
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hemicellulose |
- in cell wall - hydrogen bond to cellulose microfibrils and tether adjacent microfibrils - limit extensibility of cell wall - play roll in regulating cell expansion - easy to breakdown compared to cellulose |
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pectin |
- in primary cell wall and middle lamella - hydrophillic polysaccharide and attract water to cell wall making it more pliable - important in cell expansion
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lignin |
- adds comprehensive strength and rigidity to cell wall - important part of secondary cell walls bc hard to breakdown due to free-radical formation |
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cutin, suberin, waxes |
- fatty substances commonly found in the walls of outer, protective tissues of the plant body - prevent water loss |
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middle lamella |
- outermost layer of plant cell wall - forms interface between adjacent cells and glues them together - rich in pectins |
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primary cell wall |
- thin, flexible, extensible layer - cellulose, hemicellulose, pectin, proteins (glycoproteins and enzymes), and water - sometimes lignin, suberin, or cutin - |
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secondary cell wall |
- thick layer formed inside primary layer after cell has stopped growing - cellulose more abundant - pectins, structural proteins, and enzymes may be lacking - matrix composed of hemicellulose |
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Taxon |
- category of organisms - group at an level: species, genus, family, phylum |
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order of biological classification |
Supergroup Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species
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monophyletic |
taxa include an ancestor and all of its descendants |
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paraphyletic |
common ancestor but not ALL of its descendants |
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polyphyletic |
members descending from more than one ancestral line |
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zygotic meosis |
- gametes fuse to form 2N zygote - zygote immediately divides by meosis to produce haploid cells - zygote is only diploid cell - fungi and some algae |
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gametic meosis |
- gametes are the only haploid cells - gametes fuse to form 2N zygote - zygote divides mitotically to produce multicellular diploid organism - a cell of this divides by meosis to produce gamete - animals, some protists and algae |
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sporic meosis |
- there are two multicellular stages: one diploid and one haploid - gametes fuse to form zygote - zygote divides mitotically to produce diploid mutlicell stage - divides meotically to give rise to spores - spores divide mitotically to give rise to multicell haploid - gametes produced from this - plants, many algae |
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sporophyte |
- diploid generation in plant with alternation of generations - produces spores via meiosis |
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gametophyte |
- haploid generation in plant cycle - produces gametes |
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isomorphic |
- haploid gametophyte and diploid sporophyte look the same - characteristic of many algae |
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heteromorphic |
- haploid gametophyte and diploid sporophyte generations look different - one generation usually dominant - in more primitive nonvascular plants the gametophyte is dominant - in vascular plants the sporophyte is primitive |
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Isogamous |
motile gametes are of identical sizes |
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Anisogamous |
motile gametes are of different sizes |
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Oogamous |
- gametes are of different sizes - one is small and motile (male) - one is large and non-motile (female) |
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Gametangia |
A cell or multicellular structure in which gametes are formed |
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Protists |
- diverse array of descendants of the early eukaryotes - almost all live in water - every eukaryote that isn't a plant, animal, or fungi |
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Photosynthetic protists |
algae |
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Green algae |
- Charophytes - closest protists to land plants - chloroplast type: primary - pigments: chl a, chl b, carotenoids - unique: charophyceae gave rise to green plants |
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Similarities between Coleochaetales/Charales and Bryophytes |
- multilayered structure associated with flagellar base - breakdown of nuclear membrane during meiosis - phragmoplasts guide cell plate formation during cytokinesis - phytochrome - flavonoids - cuticle precursors - oogamy - sporopollenin - Apical growth - Chloroplasts w/ well developed grana - Zygotes sometimes retained w/i parent thallus |
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oogonium |
female gametangia |
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antheridium |
male gametangia |
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Sporangia |
- structure found on sporophyte where spores are made - 2n ploidy (just like sporophyte) |
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Gametangia |
- structure found on gametophyte where gametes are made - 1n ploidy (just like gametophyte) |
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Mega |
females |
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Micro |
males |
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True or False:
Green Algae have true roots, stems, and leaves |
False |
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Order of taxonomy |
Green algae Bryophytes (liverworts, hornworts, mosses) vascular plants |
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Archegonium |
female gametangium |
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Hepatophyta |
liverworts |
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Anthocerophyta |
hornworts |
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Bryophyta |
mosses |
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Differences between green algae and bryophytes |
- multicellular embryo retained in gametophyte archegonia - sporopollenin-walled spores - antheridia and archegonia w/ sterile jacket layers
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venter |
- swollen basal portion of archegonium - holds the egg |
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Differences between mosses and vascular plants |
- true lignin - true xylem and phloem - branched sporophyte with multiple sporangia - independent sporophyte |
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Which generation is dominant in bryophytes? |
- gametophyte is larger than sporophyte - sporophyte is nutritionally dependent on gametophyte |
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Types of liverworts |
- Thalloid - Leafy |
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Thallus liverwort |
- flat, branches dichotomously (in a Y shape) - simple - undifferentiated tissue - complex - some differentiation, 30 cells thick toward center, 10 towards edge |
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cilia |
tiny protrusions at edges of leafy liverwort "leaves" |
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costa |
midrib of moss leaf |
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Gemmae |
- multicellular bodies that give rise to new gametophytes (ploidy = 1n) - common means of asexual reproduction in both mosses and liverworts
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Marchantia |
- thalloid liverwort - we looked at its sexual reproduction - antheridia and archegoina |
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Antheridiophore |
- stalk that houses the antheridia |
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Archegoniophore |
- stalk that houses the archegonia - more lobed - egg doesn't leave this, it just waits for the sperm |
