Plant And Fungi Bio

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membranes are composed mainly of

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phospholipids. They automatically form a bilayer

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diffusion is

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the movement of molecules from high to low concentration

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for a molecule to cross the membrane it has to either

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directly cross through the lipids, or cross through a protein

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membrane transport that requires no energy

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passive transport(with or without protein) moves from high to low concentration

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transport that requires ATP

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active transport(Requires protein) con go against concentration gradient

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passive transport of water across a membrane

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osmosis

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this solution has more solutes

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hypertonic

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this solution has less solutes

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hypotonic

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this solution has the same number of solutes as teh solution on the other side of the membrane

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Isotonic

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transpiration

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the movement of water from the roots to the leaves where it is released into the air via the stomata

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in transpiration the water will enter via

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osmosis unless pressure from the cell wall prevents it

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first step of transpiration

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the absorption of minerals and water by the root cells

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two ways plants increase surface area for cell to soil contact

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root hairs, mycorrhizae

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plants first take up ________ so that the water will follow via osmosis

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solutes

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what type of transport is used to get solutes across the root membranes

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active(against the concentration gradient)

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what doe plants release to displace other minerals bound to soil particles

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protons

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water moves toward the xylem via osmosis this is called

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symplastic route

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what is the symplastic route

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inside the cell membrane, and moving through the plasmodesmata

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what is the apoplastic route

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through the cell walls

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water and nutrient will eventually have to pass through the

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casparian strip

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where is the casparian strip

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in the root endodermis

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can move against gravity up to 100M in the air

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xylem sap(the water and minerals present in the xylem)

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play a role in moving xylem sap against gravity by holding the water column together and holding on to the walls

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cohesion and adhesion

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root pressure

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pushing the xylem sap

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guttation

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root pressure causing sweeting in the leafs

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transpiration

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pulling xylem sap

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break in the water column, can be fatal to a plant

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cavitation

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mainly controlled by the stomata

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transpiration

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movement of photosynthat in the phloem

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traslocation

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movement in translocation is from

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source tissue to sink tissue

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pressure flow hypothesis

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phloem is loaded via the plasmodesmata. Uses a cotransporter(active transport)

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growing plants in water with minerals and nutrients added in

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hydroponics

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when a plant show altered development due to a lack of an essential element

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mineral dificiency

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Mg deficiency

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causes yellowing of the leaves because it is the central molecule in chlorophyll

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iron deficiency

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causes leaves to turn yellow even though chlorophyll does not contain iron(iron is required for a step in chlorophyll synthesis)

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if symptoms are seen first in the lower leaves, then the element is considered

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mobile

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how a plant translates signals from its enviroment into actions taken by its cells

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signal transduction

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two types of signals a plant receives

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biotic abiotic

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three main steps in signal transduction

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reception, transduction, response

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chemical compound that coordinates cellular activity in an organism

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hormone

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five main hormones in plants

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auxin, cytokinin, gibberellins, abscisic acid, ethylene

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two hormones that play main role in plant defense

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jasmonic acid, salicylic acid

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auxin

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photo and gravitropism

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where is auxin produced

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in the shoot apical meristem and travels down teh plant

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cytocynin

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germination and bud break

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gibberllin

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stem elongation

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abscisic acid

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inhibits growth, closes the stomata

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ethylene

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promotes fruit rippening, causes leaf drop

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jasmonic acid

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volitile, defense only has response where perceived

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salicylic acid

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creates a plant wide response

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plant light cycle

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photoperiodism

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two major classes of light receptors

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blue light photoreceptors, red light photoreceptors called phytochromes

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is a common light receptor in plants

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phytochrome

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two form of phytochrome

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Phytochrom red absorbs red light becomeing PFR. Phytochrome far red absorbs far red light and becomes PR

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in darkness there is a

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slow conversion of PFR to PR

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when the sun rises PR is

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rapidly converted to PFR

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phytochrome is also used for plants to

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assess the quality of light in their environment

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the relative lenghts of day and night

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photoperiod

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three groups based on the stimlui needed to induce flowering

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long day, short day, day neutral

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a growth response that results in the curvature of whole plant organs toward or away from stimuli due to differential rates of cell elongation

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tropisms

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three common tropisms

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photopropism, gravitropism, thigmotropism

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gravitropism is _____ in shoots and ______ in roots

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negative in shoots, positive in roots

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thought to play a role in sensing gravity

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statoliths

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controlles gravitropism as soon as a seed germinates

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auxin

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these compounds are essential for the plant to growd, develop and reproduce

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primary compounds. carbohydrates, proteins, lipids and DNA

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these compouds are not essential but serve many important fuctions

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secondary compounds. terpenes, phenolics, and alkaloids

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approximately ________ species of flowering plants

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250,000

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six species provide _____ of calaries consued by humans

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*0% wheat, rice, corn, potato, sweet potato, cassava

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eight additional plants complete the list of major crops grown for human consumption

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sugar cane, sugar beet, bean, soybean, barley, sorghum, coconut and bananna

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plant propagation

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cuttins, layering, air layering, grafting, micropropagation