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65 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are 6 things that make a plant cell different from an animal cell? |
1) Cell wall 2) Chloroplasts 3) No lysosomes 4) Ridgid shape 5) Large central vacuole 6) Plastids |
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What are 6 things that make an animal cell different from a plant cell? |
1) No cell wall 2) No chloroplasts 3) Lysosomes 4) Flexible shape 5) Small scattered vacuoles 6) Centrioles |
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What's an organelle? |
A specialized structure in a cell. |
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What are the three parts of the cell theory? |
1) All living organisms are made of one or more cells 2) The cell is the basic organizational unit of life (body functions supplying the needs of the cell) 3) All cells come from pre-existing cells (cell reproduction) |
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What is the fluid material between the cell membrane and the nucleus called? |
Cytosol |
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What are the functions of the cell membrane? |
- Holds contents of cell together - Controls what enters/exits the cell - Phospholipid bilayer (made of fats, proteins and carbohydrates) |
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What are the functions of the cell wall? |
- Supports structure - Gives rigidity and protects plant cell - Allows water and dissolved materials to pass through easily thanks to pores - Contains cellulose (dietary fiber) |
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What are the functions of cytoplasm? |
- Gel-like substance (cytosol) that holds the organelles, sugar and water (life supporting material) - Fills interior of the cell |
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What are the functions of the nucleus? |
- Controls cell activities - Surrounded by nuclear envelope made of 2 membranes which fuse to form pores and control passage of substances in/out of nucleus - Contains most of the cells DNA, main source of DNA - Contains nucleolus |
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What are the functions of the nucleolus? |
- Site of ribosome synthesis and assembly |
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What are the functions of ribosomes? |
- Site of protein synthesis (protein is necessary for a cell's structure and activities necessary for survival) - Float free in cytoplasm or cling to rough endoplasmic reticulum
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What are the functions of the rough endoplasmic reticulum? (RER) |
- Rough, contains ribosomes which produce proteins - Canals transport fat and protein to other locations within the cell, including the golgi apparatus |
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What are the functions of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum? (SER) |
- Smooth, produces fats (lipids) - Canals transport fat and protein to other locations within the cell, including the golgi apparatus |
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What are the functions of the golgi apparatus/ golgi body? |
- Processes (modifies), packages, and stores fats and proteins produced by ER - Located in the cytoplasm near the ER - Exports proteins and fats to new locations within the cell or sends them to the cell's surface |
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What are the functions of the mitochondria? |
- Powerhouse of the cell - Provides energy for the cell [cellular respiration- produces ATP (main source of energy in cells)] |
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What are the functions of the vacuoles? |
- Stores materials |
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What are the functions of lysosomes? |
- Digest, destroy and clean-out cells (garbage men) - Contains digestive enzymes that break down large molecules stored in vacuoles (fats and proteins) into smaller constitutions to be oxidized by enzymes of the mitochondria - Enzymes also break down destructive cells, cells and tissues no longer necessary for the organisms developments |
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What are the functions of the microtubules? |
- Long, hollow, cylindrical structures in the cytoplasm made of protein - Give some shape and rigidity to cell - Form cilia and flagella (used for locomotion of the cell) |
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What are the functions of the microfilaments? |
- Long, thread-like strands of protein found in some cells - Associated with cell movement (muscle contraction in large organisms) |
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What are the functions of plastids? |
- 3 main types Leucoplasts: store starch granules Chromoplasts: store pigment molecules Chloroplasts: site for photosynthesis - Has its own type of DNA in the plant cells but not the main source (nucleus)
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What are the functions of chloroplasts? |
- Contain chlorophyll (green pigment absorbs light to provide energy for photosynthesis and carbohydrate production) - Produces food for plants |
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What are the functions of centrioles? |
- Composed of microtubules - Found in pairs in cell division, separate and move towards opposite ends of the cell and radiate microtubules (arranging themselves in the shape of a football or spindle that spans the cell to aid the movement of chromosomes during cell division) - Inside the centrosomes |
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Define diffusion. |
The movement of molecules from areas of high concentration to areas of lower concentration. |
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Define osmosis. |
The net movement of solvent molecules through a partially permeable membrane into a region of higher solute concentration, aiming to equalize the solute concentrations on the two sides. |
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What does it mean for a membrane to be "selectively permeable" ? |
They do not allow all materials to cross it. It is only permeable to some substances. |
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How do materials that a cell needs diffuse across the membrane? |
Diffuse across the membrane from the outside of the cell - where they are concentrated - to the inside - where they are less concentrated. |
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What are dilute solutions? |
Solutions that are highly concentrated in water and low in solute. |
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What is a hypertonic solution? What happens to the cell in this solution? Why does this happen? |
When the solute concentration outside of a cell is higher than the solute concentration inside of a cell. The cell shrinks since the water from inside of the cell rushes outside of the cell in order to equilibrate the solute concentrations inside and outside of the cell. |
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What is a hypotonic solution? What happens to the cell in this solution? Why does this happen? |
When the solute concentration outside of a cell is lower than the solute concentration inside of a cell. The cell swells because the water from outside of the cell flow inside of the cell in order to make the solute concentrations equal. |
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What is an isotonic solution? |
Where there is no movement of water molecules. There is equilibrium inside and outside of the cell. |
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What is DNA? |
A nucleic acid containing genetic instructions used in the development and functioning of all human living organisms. |
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How is DNA organized within cells? Where are they found? What do they determine? What is a chromosome composed of? |
- Into long structures called chromosomes - Found in the nucleus - Determine what each cell will become, how it will function & how long it will live before being replaced - A single molecule of DNA, which is divided into segments called genes |
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Where is the source of variation in DNA found? |
- Nitrogenous bases (nucleotides)
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What are the four types of building block molecules in DNA? |
- Adenine (A) - Thymine (T) - Cytosine (C) - Guanine (G |
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What are purines? Pyramidines? |
Purines : Double ringed structures (Adenine and Guanine) Pyramidines : Single ringed structures (Thymine and Cytosine) |
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What is a karyotype? |
A micrograph that can show if a person has too many, or too few chromosomes, or if any are broken. |
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What is PKU? |
A genetic condition where there is a lack of a certain enzyme causing phenylalanine. |
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What is down syndrome caused by? |
The presence of an extra chromosome. |
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Define vaccination. |
The process of giving a vaccine by mouth or injection to provide active immunity against disease. |
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What is herd immunity? |
When a large percentage of the population is vaccinated , the spread of disease is limited. The people who are not or cannot be vaccinated are indirectly protected between individuals who are immunized. |
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What is a live attenuated vaccine? |
- Produce an infection without symptoms - Generate an immune response similar to the natural infection - Weakened but active disease agents - Most likely to cause side effects |
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What is an inactivated disease? |
- "Killed vaccines" - Less side effects - Less powerful immune responses compared to live vaccines |
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What is a subunit/conjugate vaccine? |
- A specific protein or carbohydrate that causes a protective immune response is isolated for use in the vaccine |
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What was the first disease to ever be eradicated by the WHO? Before it was eradicated, who created a vaccine? |
- Smallpox - Edward Jenner
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Who created a vaccine for Polio? What was created to help people suffering from paralysis due to Polio? |
- Salk - Iron lung: provided temporary or permanent breathing support |
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What are the two stages of cell division? |
1) The cells nucleus divides into two parts during mitosis 2) The two nuclei and cell contents divide into two daughter cells during cytokinesis. |
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What are the three parts of interphase? |
1) Growth and preparation 2) DNA replication 3) Continued growth and replication |
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What are the three checkpoints in the cell cycle? |
1) It's located at the end of the growth and preparation stage. It checks to see if the cell lacks nutrients or if the DNA is damaged. 2) It's located at the end of the second growth and preparation stage (before mitosis). It checks to see if the DNA has been replicated or if the cell is damaged. 3) It's located during mitosis. It checks to see if the chromosomes have attached themselves, or if the chromosomes have moved to the poles in anaphase.
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What's are two differences between a cancer cell and a normal cell? |
1) Cancer cells move through the cell cycle very quickly while normal cells move through the cell cycle at a regular speed. 2) Cancer cells do not stop at checkpoints while normal cells do stop if something is wrong. |
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What are the stages of mitosis? |
1) Prophase 2) Metaphase 3) Anaphase 4) Telophase |
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What happens during prophase? |
- Replicated chromosomes from interphase coil until condensed - The membrane around the nucleus breaks down and the nucleus disappears. - Centrosomes head towards opposite ends of the cell. - Thread like tubules extend from the centrosomes and form spindle fibers. |
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What happens during metaphase? |
- Longest phase of mitosis. - Centrosomes reach opposite ends of the cell & chromosomes move towards the middle of the cell. - Chromosomes line up along center of cell. - Spindle fibers stretch from the centrosomes to the centromeres and attach onto each end of the cell. |
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What happens during anaphase? |
- Shortest phase. - Proteins holding the two chromatids together at the centromere break apart. - Spindle fibers retract, each pulling a chromatid towards one end of the cell. |
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What happens during telophase? |
- Spindle fibers disappear. - Membranes form around daughter cells. - Nucleolus appears within nucleus. - Chromosomes become less coiled and harder to see.
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Whats the difference between cytokinesis in an animal vs. plant cell? |
Cytokinesis is different in plant cells than in animal cells because plant cells must form a new cell wall while in animal cells the wall contracts and pinches the cell membrane until it's divided into two parts. |
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What is the function of the esophagus? |
The muscular walls contract and relax, pushing each chunk of food along until it reaches the stomach. |
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What is the stomachs function? |
In the stomach food chunks are surrounded by gastric juices that are secreted by the epithelial tissue. These juices break down proteins. The stomach lining secretes mucus to protect it from breaking down in the presence of the protein digesting enzymes. |
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What is the function of the small intestine? |
The first meter of the small intestine is called the duodenum which is where most of the digestion takes place. The pancreas, liver and gall bladder release digestive enzymes here to complete the chemical breakdown of the food. In the remaining length, digested food (nutrients) are absorbed into body through the villi and microvilli that cover the interior. |
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What's the purpose of the villi? |
To maximize the surface area over which nutrients and water can be absorbed into the blood stream. |
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What role do the valves play in the heart? |
They open when blood is pushed through them and close to prevent blood from flowing backwards. |
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What role do capillaries play? |
To bring blood into close contact with the tissues in organs throughout the body. |
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What exchange takes place with the blood and the small intestine via capillaries? |
Capillaries bring blood into contact with the small intestines villi and microvilli. There, blood picks up nutrients from the digested food and delivers the nutrients to cells in the body. |
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How does your diaphragm control breathing? |
When you breath, muscle contractions cause your rib cage to move up and out, and your diaphragm to move down. |
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What is the epiglottis? |
It is a muscular flap that opens so air can pass to the trachea. |
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What is the role of the bronchioles and how do they do it? |
Muscle tissue in the walls of the bronchioles allows the diameters of the tubes to contact or relax to control the amount of air entering the lungs. |
