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106 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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properties of living organisms
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1 cell organization 4 reproduction
2 metabolism 5 herdity 3 homeostasis |
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biological themes
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1 evolution 4 structure determines function
2 flow of energy 5 homeostasis 3 cooperation |
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what are the steps of scientific process
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1 observation 4 experimentation
2. hypothesis 5 conclusion 3 prediction |
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what is theory
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collection related hypothesis that have tested true many times
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what are the limitations of science
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supernatural, religious, and unexplained phenomenon that cannot be studied
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who was charles darwin
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scientist who created the theory of evolution though natural selection. survival of the fittest
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who was thomas Mathus
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created essay on principle of population
theory that there must be some limiting effect on plant and animal population growth |
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what is the difference between natural selection and artificial selection
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natural- affected only by environment (food, predator ect)
artificial-chosen for certain characteristics |
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what is evolution
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change that occurs in a organisms characteristics through time
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who wrote Origin of Species and what was it based on
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Darwin
pigeon breeding, his theory of artificial selection |
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what is ecology
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study of how organisms interact with their enviroment
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what is exponential growth
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a organisms initial rapid growth continues until the organism exhaust it's resources
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what is caring capacity
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maximum population that can be indefinitely supported by it resources
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how do exponential growth and carrying capacity relate to one another
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carrying capacity decides ultimate population and slows exponential growth
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what is an atom
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the universes smallest particle which can be divided and still retain its chemical properties
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what is an nucleus
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center of an atom comprised of protons and neutrons
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what is a proton
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positively charged particle
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what is a neutron
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neutral particle in nucleus
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what is an electron
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negative in nucleus
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what is a neutron
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a negative particle that orbits a nucleus
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what is an ion
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atom when electrons are not equal to protons
are always charged |
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what is oxidation
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the loss of an electron
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what is a molecule
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group of atoms held together by energy(chemical bonds)
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what is the difference between ionic and covalent bonds
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Ionic- atoms are attracted by opposite electrical charges
covalent- form when two atoms share electrons |
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polar molecule
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when the positive end is attracted to an negative end
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what is the difference of cohesion and adhesion
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cohesion- attraction between two or more of the same molecules
adhesion- attraction between two different molecules |
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what is soluble
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dissolves (typically in water)
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what are 4 common macromolecules
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carbs, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids
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what are carbohydrates
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make up structural framework of cells and store energy
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what are lipids
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biological molecules that are soluble in oil instead of water
are nonpolar |
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what are proteins
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make up the body of organisms
most important are enzymes |
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what are nucleic acids
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information storage devices
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what are polymers
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repeating units
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what are DNA and RNA made of
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nucleotides
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on DNA what letters switch
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A-T and G-C
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what is the endosymmbiotic theory
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that energy producing bacteria came to reside symbiotically within larger eukaryote cells
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what is cell theory
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1 the idea that all organisms are composed of cells
2 that cells are the smallest living thing 3 life evolved only once 3.5 billion years ago 4 cells arise only by the division of a previous cell |
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what is cytoplasm
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a semifluid matrix that fills the interior of the cell
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what are prokaryotic cells
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no nucleus or other interior compartments just a cell wall
all bacterica |
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what are sukaryotic cells
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have nucleus and organelles
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what is a nucleus
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command and control center of the cell, directs all activities
where the hereditary info is stored |
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what are mitochondria
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sausage shaped organelles
where energy is extracted from "food" |
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what are cilia
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multiple flagella organized in dense rows
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what are flagella
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fine long threadlike organelles used for movement
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what are chloroplasts made up of
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thylakoids(where light reaction takes place)
granum ( stacks of thlakoids) stroma (semi fluid interior |
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what is diffusion
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movement of molecules from where they are common to where the are scarse
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what is osmosis
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movement of molecules from an are of low concentration to high
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what are reactants
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also called substrates
molecules at the beginning of a chemical reaction |
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what is the difference between exergonic and endergonic reactions
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exergonic- where reactants contain more energy than product
endergonic- where product contains more energy than reactants |
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what is activation energy
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xtra energy required to destabilize existing chemical bonds to create a chemical reaction
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what do enzymes do
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provide a catalyst for a chemical reaction
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what is ATP
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the molecule in the body that supplies evergy required for movement
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where does photosynthesis take place
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chloraplast
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what is cellular respiration
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the oxidation of foodstuffs to obtain energy
it releases energy into cell |
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where does anerobic respiration take place
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in midocondria
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what is mitosis
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a splitting of a cell that results in two cells with 2 chromosomes each
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what is meiosis
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the splitting of a cell that results in 4 cells with 1 chromosome each
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how many chromosomes doe humans have
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23 pairs
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what are the stages of mitosis
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prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophate
PMAT |
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what is prophase
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two versons of each chromosome pair up and exchange segments
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what is meta phase
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the chromosomes align on a central plane
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what is anaphase
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one version of each chromosome moves to a pole of the cell and the other moves to the opposite pole
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what is telophase
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individual chromosomes gather together at each of the two poles
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who was gregor mendal
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scientist that used garden peas to prove the theory of heredity and generation inheritance
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what are the P, F1, F2, F3......
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parent generation and each subsequent generation. used in punnet squares to track gene inheritance
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what are alleles
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used to describe alternate traits that may be inherited
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what are homozygous
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when two copies of the allele exist (both flowere red)
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what are heterozygous
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when two different alleles exist ( one red and one blue flower)
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what is the difference between phenotype and genotype
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phenotype- physical characteristic
genotype- genes carried |
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what doe punnet squares do
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track the inheritance of a single gene
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what is DNA made of
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nucleotides
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what is chargoff's rule
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a=t
g=c |
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what did Watson and Crick discover
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double helix in DNA
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what is the central dogma
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DNA is transcribed in RNA which is then translated into proteins
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what are ribosomes
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where RNA feeds through to make proteins
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what are restriction enzymes
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special enzymes that bind to specific short sequences in DNA
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what creates the sticky ends of DNA
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ligase
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what does genetic engineering consist of
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cleaving DNA to produce fragments, producing recombinant DNA, cloning, and screening
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what does a polymerase chain do
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amplifies primers
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what has genetic engineering done in medicine
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bacterial production of human proteins, piggyback vaccines, and gene therapy
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what has genetic engineering in crops done
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pest resistance, herbicide resistance and more nutritious
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what is genomics
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comparing the entire DNA content of different organisms
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what is a genome
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the full complement of genetic info of an organism
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what did the human genome project do
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identify 3.2 base pairs in the human genome
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how many genes do humans have
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30000-40000
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what is some evidence supporting the theory of evolution
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fossil record
molecular clock |
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what is mutation
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an error in replication of a nucleotide sequence in DNA
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what are the forms of selection
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disruptive- goes apart
stabilizing-goes together directional- changes direction |
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what does the species concept and formation state
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species can't interbreed without becoming sterile
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what is the Linnaean system
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used for the naming of a species, uses latin names
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what is the difference between polynomial and binomial naming
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poly-by species stings of words (12 or more) descibing
bin-two part latin name for species |
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what are the six kingdoms of life
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animalia, plantae, fungi, protista, archaebacteria, and eubacteria
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what are bacteria
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first living organism, existed alone for 2 billion years
lack organized nucleus |
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what is the difference between autotrope and heterotroph
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auto-harvest energy from inorganic CO2
heter- gain energy for organic molecules like glucose |
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why bacteria important
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they recycle material and aid in the genetic engineering of disease and their cures
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what are archaebacteria
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no living methanogens and thermoacidophiles
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what are eubacteria
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heterotrophic and photosynthetic
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what is the lytic cycle
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virus attaches and injects DNA into cell, the cell reproduces the virus and eventually ruptures releasing the new virus cells
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what is the lysogenic cycle
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viral dna integrate in chromose and reproduce altering the chromose
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what is endosymbiosis
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proposes that mitochondria originated as symbiotic, aerobic eubacteria that were engulfed by eukaryotic cells
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what are protists
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grouped by default (amobae alagae, and kelp)
some are multicelluarity but not a lot |
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what is multicellularity
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colonies and aggregates
cells working together without being in the same system |
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what are some examples of complex multicellularity
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plants, animals and fungi
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what is needed to to be considered a complex multicelluar orgainsm
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cell specialization
intercell coordination reproduction (sexual or asexual) |
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what are fungi
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not plans
principal decompsoers |
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what are some synthetic fungi
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yeasts lichens and mycorrhizae
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