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157 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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what did plants evolve from
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aquatic green algae
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what is a stomata
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structure responsible for regulating gas exchange and water vapor in leaves
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what is a cuticle
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waxy waterproof layer on leaves
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what does the vascular system do in plants
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conducts water and nutrients
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what is primary growth
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cell division at tips of stems and roots
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what is secondary growth
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cell division around plants periphery
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what is a seed
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dormant embryo
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what is pollination
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transfer of pollen (external)
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what are angiosperms
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flowering plants, 90% of all plants
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what are monocots
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embryos with one seed leap, parallel veins, and flower parts in threes
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what are dicots
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embryo with 2 seed leaves
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what is meristems
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growth zone containing rapidly dividing cells within plant tissue
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what is apical meristem
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primary growth zone at tips
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what is lateral meristems
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secondary growth, goes outward
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what is xylem
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water conducting tissue, carries water from root to leaves
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what is phloem
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nutrient conducting tissue
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what are leaves
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light capturing organ
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what are roots
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they take water and nutrient from soil, contain sylem and phloem
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what is a root cap
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covers and protects a root's apical meristem
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what is transpiration
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process where awater evaporates and is replenished
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what is translocation
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movment of carbs
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what are fertiliztion
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pollen adheres to stigma (internal)
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what is germination
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resumption of metabolic activities in embryo
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what does fruit do
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helps disperse seeds
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what does auxin do
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controls phototropism
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what are sponges
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parazos, simplest animals with no symmetry or organs
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what are some examples of mollusks
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smails,clams, squid and octopi
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what are annelids
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segmented worms
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what do anthropods have
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jointed appendages, exoskeleton, and water vascular system
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when was the paleoxoic era
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590-248 mya, when the first vertebrates appear
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when was the mesozoic era
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248-65 mya, when reptiles evolved into dinosaurs, birds, and mammals
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how may years did dinosaurs dominate the earth
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150my with a mass extinction in 65mya
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what is the alvarez hypothesis
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mass extinction of dinosaurs was caused by a meteorite
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when did mammals gain dominance on earth
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the cenozoic era
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what evolved into mammals
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theraspids
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what were thecodonts
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dinosaurs, crocodiles
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what are athropoids
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higher primates, apes monkes and humans
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what are hominoids
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apes and humans evolved from old world monkeys
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which apes evolved first
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Asian, African were second (modern man is from African apes)
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what animal are humans most closely related to
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chimpanzees
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what were Australopithecus
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early bipedal hominids first appear about 4.5 million years ago
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when did homo sapiens evolve
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100,000 years ago in Africa
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what is epithelium
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outer and inner linings of body (skin)
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what are the types of connective tissues
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immune, skeletal, blood and fat
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what are the types muscle tissue
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smooth(involuntary) and skeletal(voluntary)
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what are the types nerve tissue
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neurons and glial cells
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what are bones composed of
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outer compact layer and a spongy interior
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what do osteoblasts do
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lay down collagen matrix for calcium
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what do osteoclasts
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breakdown bone
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what type of circulatory system do cnidarians have
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no circulatory system, all cells exposed to either the external environment or a body cavity
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what is an open circulatory system
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circulating fluid and extracellular fluid the same
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what do arteries do
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carry blood away from heart
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what do veins do
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carry blood to the heart
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what do capillaries do
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pass blood from arteries to veins
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what is plasma
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liquid portion of blood
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what are erythrocytes
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red blood cells
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what are leukocytes
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white blood cells
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what are platelets
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bits of cytoplasm that act in clotting
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what is respiration
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uptake of oxygen and release of carbon dioxide
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what is counter-current flow
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water and blood flow in gills in opposite directions, better oxygen exchange
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what are aveoli
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small air chamber in lung
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what are bronchiole
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passageway connecting aveoli
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what are inhalation and exhalation
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inhalation= contraction of chest muscles
exhalation= relaxation of muscles in chest |
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how many cal are fats
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9.3
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how many cal are carbs
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4.1
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how many cal are proteins
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4.1
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what are heterotrophs
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consumers
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what are autotropes
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producers
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what is the alimentary canal
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digestive tract
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what is cellulose
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plant fiber that resists digestion
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what is a ruminant stomach used for
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cellulose digestions in cows
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what do chief cells secrete
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pepsinogen
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what is the duodenum
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upper part of small intestine where digestion occurs
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what is the ilium
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rest of the small intestine where nutrients are absorbed
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what does the pancreas produce
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insulin and glucagon
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what does the liver do
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delivers bile, removes toxins and produces blood proteins
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what is homeostasis
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dynamic constancy of internal enviroment
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what are the parts of the kidney and what do they do
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nephron region-filters
tub duct |
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what are the lines of defense in the human body
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skin
cellular couterattack immune system |
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what do macrophages do
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ingest bacteria
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what do neutrophils do
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release chemicals to kill all near by cells
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what is an antigen
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molecule provoking a specific immune response
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what is a T cell
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initate and governs immune response
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what is a B cell
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produce antibodies and act as memory cells
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what do vaccinations do
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introduce a harmless version agent to stimulate the production of memory B cells
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what is are the types of neuron
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sensory
associative motor |
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what is an dendrite
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provide input to neuron
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what is an axon
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single output channel from neuron
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what does a synapse do
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junction an axon with another cell
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what are neurotransmitters
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chemicals that carry nerve impulses across synapse
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what is a reflex
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rapid motor response, sensory neuron passes info directly to motor neuron
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what are sensory receptors
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specialized cells that detect changes inside or outside the body
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what are semicircular canals
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structures in the inner ear that sense motion
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what is the cochlea
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structure in inner ear that translates sound waves to sensory impulses
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what is the lateral line system
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sensory organ in fish, senses changes in water pressure around fish
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what is the eye
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sensory organ that translates light into sensory signals
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what are rods and cones
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photoreceptor cells in the retina, they use pigments to transmit light energy into sensory impulse
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what are hormones
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chemical signals produced in one part of the body and travel in the blood
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what is the control center of the neuroendocrine system
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hypothalamus
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what do steroids do
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enter cell and hit target cytoplasm (operate on the surface)
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what do peptide hormones do
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trigger surface receptor proteins(internal)
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what are second messengers
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cascade within cell that amplify the alteration of cell activity caused by the hormone
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what is the difference between asexual and sexual reproduction
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asexual is from mitosis and offspring are identical
sexual is a union of two gametes |
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what is the difference between external and internal fertilization
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external- outside used by aquatic breeders
internal- inside used by terrestrial breeders |
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what are monotremes
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oviparous
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what are marsupials
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give girth to incomplete developed fetus and continues to develope in a pouch
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what are placental mammals
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retain thier young longer, young are nourished originally by a placenta
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what do human testes do
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produce sperm in the seminiferous tubules, sperm is produced throughout life
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what do human ovaries do
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eggs develop from oocytes which are all present at birth. oocytes and released every 28 days
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what are some examples of cnidarians
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jellyfish, hydra, sea anemone
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what is a sea star
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echinoderm
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what is ecology
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study of interactions of living organism with one another and their physical environment
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what is a community
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collection of species
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what is a habitat
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place where an organism lives
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what is an ecosystem
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collection of organisms and their physical environment
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what is a biome
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terrestrial ecosystem that occurs over a broad area, characterized by climate and organisms
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what is population
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group of individuals of the same species living together
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what is r
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exponential growth
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what is K
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carrying capacity
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what is a niche
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biological role in community
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what is commensalism
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one or more benefits, no one is harmed
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what is parasitism
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only one benefits the other is harmed
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what is biodiversity
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measure of number and diversity of species
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what are the properties of a living organism
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reproduction, metabolism, homeostasis, cell organisation and heredity
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what are the steps of the scientific process
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observation, hypothesis, prediction, experimentation, and conclusion
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what did malthus work on
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growth curves
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what did Darwin theorize
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natural selection
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what did Darwin write
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origin of species
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what is a neutron
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neutral particle in an atom
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what is an electron
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a negative particle in an atom
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what is cohesion
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two polar molecules coming together
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what are proteins made of
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amino acids
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what are the smallest living things
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cells
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in a prokaryotic cell where is the dna
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cytoplasm
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what cells have a nucleaus
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eukaryotic
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what is reduction
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gain of an electron
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what are enzymes
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provide catalyst
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what is ATP
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energy in cells
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where does photosynthesis take place
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chloraplast
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what is mitosis
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results in 2 cells with 2 chromosomes each
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what is meiosis
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results in 4 cells with 1 chromosome each
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what are the stages of mitosis
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prophase, metaphase, anaphse and telophase
PMAT |
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what did mental work with
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garden peas
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what is DNA made of
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nucleotides
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what is chargoff's rule
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A=T G=C
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who discovered the shape of DNA (double helix)
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Watson and Crick
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what is the central dogma
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dna-rna-proteins
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where does rna feed through to make protein
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ribosomes
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what has genetic engineering done in crops
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pest resistance, herbicide resistance and more nutritious
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what is a genome
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full complement of genetic info
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how many base pairs in human genome
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3.2 billion
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how many genes in a human
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30,000
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what are the forms of selection
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disruptive-apart (two hump)
stabilizing-together (one hump) directional-change |
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what is the naming order
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species, genus, family, order, class, phylum, and kingdom
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what is the naming system used today
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binomial
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which bacteria can live in extreme conditions
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archaebacteria
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are fungi plants
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no
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