Planning Process Final

Front 1

Baron Haussmann

Back 1

1855 to 1868, Paris. Responsible for creating a pattern of boulevards that reshaped the character of the city, uniform facades creating a sense of "rhythm and order" to the streets.

Front 2

What is Urban Design?

Back 2

large-scale organization and design of the city, with the massing and organization of buildings and the space between them

Front 3

Urban Design vs. Architectural Design

Back 3

Deals on a larger scale, with longer time frames, and a large number of variables. These factors make it highly uncertain.

Front 4

Urban Design vs. Planning

Back 4

Deals with only a part of the city and is part of the larger planning process.

Front 5

Battery City Park

Back 5

Development by a city authority. 1.2-mile-long esplanade along the Hudson River in New York, took 25 years to complete.

Front 6

Why is the role of the urban designer becoming more prominent?

Back 6

more development taking place with PUDs and other large-scale, unified developments.

Front 7

Why is development shifting to PUDs vs. traditional Euclidean zoning?

Back 7

better results are often obtained with a unified design approach, the emergence of large development organizations that can put together the huge blocks of capital that such projects require.

Front 8

4 phases of the urban design process

Back 8

1. Analysis
2. Synthesis
3. Evaluation
4. Implementation

Front 9

4 steps of the analysis process of urban design

Back 9

1. gathering of basic information
2. visual survey
3. identification of hard and soft areas
4. functional analysis

Front 10

Gathering of basic information

Back 10

land use, population, transportation, natural systems, and topography

Front 11

Visual Survey

Back 11

examines and identifies components of the city such as location and views of landmarks, activity nodes, boundaries, and sequence of spaces.

Front 12

Identification of Hard and Soft areas

Back 12

what parts of the city can accommodate growth and change and what parts are essentially fixed because they may be occupied.

Front 13

Functional Analysis

Back 13

examines the relationship of activities among the various land uses and the way that they relate to circulation systems.

Front 14

Synthesis

Back 14

creation of design concepts that reflect an understanding of the constraints of the problem and that purpose optimum solutions, given the many trade-offs that must be made.

Front 15

Evaluation

Back 15

The preliminary plans generated in the synthesis phase are compared with the original goals and problem definitions by two criteria: 1. how well solutions fit the problem and 2. how readily the proposals can be implemented.

Front 16

Implementation

Back 16

the strategy for actual financing and construction is devised.

Front 17

good urban design

Back 17

1. unity and coherence
2. minimum conflict between pedestrians and vehicles
3. protection from weather
4. easy orientation for users
5. Compatibility of land uses
6. Availability of places to rest, observe, and meet
7. creation of sense of security and pleasentness

Front 18

William Whyte's take on good urban spaces

Back 18

some form of movable seating and the opportunity to purchase food and drink

Front 19

7 important criteria for judging urban design

Back 19

1. unity and cohearance
2. minimum conflict between pedestrians and vehicles
3. Protection from rain noise, wind and so on
4. Easy orientation for users
5. Compatibility of land uses
6. Availability of places to rest, observe, and meet
7. creation of a sense of security and pleasentness

Front 20

traditional neighborhood definition

Back 20

the area that would contain a population sufficient to supply pupils for one elementary school. Has residences, a school, shopping facilities, playgrounds and perhaps small parks. With a street pattern that will serve the resident population and discourage through traffic.

Front 21

Andres Duany

Back 21

neotraditional design proponent

Front 22

neotraditional design

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promotes walkable neighborhoods containing a range of housing and job types. It arose in the United States in the early 1980s

Front 23

What is wrong with the pod and collector plan

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walking for purposes like shopping is discouraged because there is no direct path from the houses in the pod and the mall/stores fronting the collector. Walking for purposes of visiting between homes is discouraged for the same reasons.

Front 24

Peter Calthorpe

Back 24

a neotraditional design proponent who places more emphasis on public transportation and the building of sufficiently large, compact downtown to support public transportation. Transit oriented Development.

Front 25

Transit-Oriented Development

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meaning a high-density area laid out so that every residential unit within a 10 minutes' walk of a transit stop. "pedestrian pocket" developments.

Front 26

Broad Acre City

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Frank Lloyd Wright's decentralized, automobile-based vision.

Front 27

edge city

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an evolving form of development based on a variety of economic forces and on the understandings that developers and investors have of those forces.

Front 28

5 requirements of edge city

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1. Has 5 million sq ft+of leasable office space
2. 600,000 sq ft of leasable retail space
3. More jobs than bedrooms
4. perceived by population as one-place that has everything
5. Was nothing like a "city" as recently as 30 years ago

Front 29

Market forces that favor development of edge city

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developer can build a large, unified design at one time without having to absorb the residual value of existing structures that lead to economies of scale in planning, construction, and marketing.

Access to a large and suitable labor force.

Easily accessible to a large, affluent suburban population

Good highway access and at least a moderately prosperous population within easy driving distance

large block of available land

Front 30

distance developers regard as the maximum that people can realistically be expected to walk without complaint.

Back 30

600 ft

Front 31

Paolo Soleri's coming to terms with the automobile

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it banishes the automobile entirely. Within his mega structures, vertical travel is by elevator and horizontal travel is by foot. It is largely meant as an alternative to the sprawling metropolis.

Front 32

Characteristics of well-designed places

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• Are safe for pedestrians, don’t allow cars to dominate
• Meet basic needs of residents effectively
• Comfortable, interesting, sociable, well-maintained
• Convey a sense of place: history, culture, authenticity
• Have effective private-public transition
• Provide access to nature
• Minimize impact on natural areas and wilderness

Front 33

Urban redevelopment

Back 33

large-scale efforts to upgrade an area in the urban core, commonly with public support.

Front 34

The Housing Act of 1949

Back 34

launched the first and largest national urban redevelopment initiative: urban renewal

Front 35

Downtown’s problems

Back 35

congested
retail and office space was technologically outdated
suburbanizing middle- and upper-income
shoppers were viewed as being psychologically “cut off” from downtown’s shopping and
entertainment venues
expanding ring of slums

Front 36

Who supported The Housing Act of 1949

Back 36

f big
city mayors (mainly Democratic) and corporate interests (mainly Republican) committed
to shoring up the central city’s eroding tax base by redeveloping the central business
district (CBD)

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“decent home and suitable living environment for every American family.”

Back 37

810,000 new public housing units, increased the authorization for the Federal
Housing Administration (FHA) to insure private home mortgages, and authorized the
Farmer’s Home Administration to issue rural mortgages on homes needing
improvements

Front 38

Title I of the Act

Back 38

authorized Slum Clearance and Urban Development. declared
the elimination of blight to be a public purpose that justifies the use of eminent domain, a
well-established practice under which a state or local jurisdiction can “take” private
property for a public purpose as long as the owner is paid a fair market price

Front 39

How was urban renewal paid for

Back 39

The federal government paid two-thirds of the approved costs (net of any sales
proceeds). States and localities were expected to cover the balance, but could count as
part of their support (a) in-kind contributions and (b) funds from other federal programs
that were used for site improvements

Front 40

accomplishments of urban renewal

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reducing the costs of development
downtown, assembling substantial parcels of cleared land and making them available at
dramatically lower costs to prospective re-users

Front 41

legacy of the urban renewal program

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eminent
domain could be used to take land from a private party that would ultimately be
transferred to another private party

Front 42

private to private eminent domain cases

Back 42

Berman v Parker in 1954
2005, the Court reaffirmed in Kelo v New London
More than half of the states
have enacted legislation that severely restricts this use of eminent domain

Front 43

"bring the mall downtown"

Back 43

public-private partnerships, in which the city
and the developer (in varying degrees) share the costs and the risks of urban redevelopment.

Front 44

Community Development Block Grant

Back 44

consolidated urban renewal and numerous other categorical grants programs into a single, formula-driven grant that gave localities great flexibility in setting spending priorities.

Front 45

What limited CDBG's use to support downtown redevelopment.

Back 45

changes to this program over time placed greater emphasis on using funds to benefit low- and moderate income households; this – combined with declines in real program funding levels and growing pressure on city budgets

Front 46

Urban Development Action Grant 1977

Back 46

competitive program intended specifically to support projects that had secured private funding commitments but that would nevertheless but unable to move forward “but for” UDAG assistance. Although some of these grants were earmarked for neighborhood projects, many projects were downtown, and downtown projects received more than half of the UDAG funds that went to cities in metropolitan regions (as opposed to small cities, which had a separate allocation). UDAG funds were very flexible, and were commonly used to support retail space, office space, hotels, and parking. canceled in 1989

Front 47

Empowerment Zone and Enterprise Community Act of 1993,

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designated 72 urban zones (as well as a lesser number of rural ones) for targeted assistance. intended to revitalize poor neighborhoods

Front 48

HOPE VI program 1992

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replace large public housing developments that have deteriorated to the point that they are deemed distressed. Grants awarded on a competitive basis to public housing authorities have supported the revitalization of more than 250 developments.

Front 49

“eds and meds” strategy

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revitalization anchored by major medical and educational institutions. builds on the central locations and economic heft of these large institutions still anchored in the urban core

Front 50

Growth management

Back 50

regulation of amount, timing, location, and character of development.

Front 51

10 Principles of Smart growth

Back 51

i.Create Range of Housing Opportunities and Choices
ii.Create Walkable Neighborhoods
iii.Encourage Community and Stakeholder Collaboration
iv.Foster Distinctive, Attractive Communities with a Strong Sense of Place
v.Make Development Decisions Predictable, Fair and Cost Effective
vi.Mix Land Uses
vii.Preserve Open Space, Farmland, Natural Beauty and Critical Environmental Areas
viii.Provide a Variety of Transportation Choices
ix.Strengthen and Direct Development Towards Existing Communities
x.Take Advantage of Compact Building Design

Front 52

UGB

Back 52

Draw a boundary and severely restrict development outside the boundary. i.20-year supply of land inside boundary
Raised allowable densities inside boundary
Streamlined development process to try to keep project approvals to under a year.
Can be hard to implement (that’s why we don’t have many of them) because they usually require either major regional cooperation or state intervention

Front 53

Uniform low-density zoning

Back 53

i.Most common response to growth is to downzone to low density single family, or never upzone in the first place.
ii.Still uses up land, just puts fewer people on it.
iii.Often very exclusionary.

Front 54

Urban Service Area

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i.Limit infrastructure (water and sewer) to certain areas
ii.Has the effect of lowering density, but not otherwise restricting development

Front 55

Building Moratoria

Back 55

Temporary suspension of all building permits. Tahoe Case

Front 56

Adequate Public Facilities Ordinances

Back 56

i.Condition approval of development upon availability of public facilities according to locally adopted standards or levels of service.
ii.Focus more on timing
iii.Can have the effect of pushing development into areas without these ordinances.
iv.Standards for what’s “adequate” can be unclear or can change

Front 57

Transfer of development rights

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Allows owner to transfer right to develop one parcel of land to a different parcel of land. Sending and receiving zones.

Front 58

Advantages of TDRs

Back 58

1.Compensates owners of land that we don’t want developed (they’re less likely to view permanent AG zoning as a taking if they get compensated)
2.Can inject capital into farm operations, allowing family farms to remain in business and continue for future generations (because value of land is reduced so it’s easier to pass it on)
3.Market-based approach.
4.Should be permanent.

Front 59

Disadvantages of TDRs

Back 59

1.May be politically and administratively difficult
2.Since it’s market-driven, may not work well in areas with a lot of overzoned developable land (like around here).
3.Since participation is voluntary, land preserved may be a patchwork.

Front 60

Purchase of development rights

Back 60

i.Government or land trust buys the development rights to the land.
ii.Landowner can also donate the rights to a land trust.
iii.Conservation easement or deed restriction

Front 61

Advantages of Purchase of Development Rights

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1.Like TDR, compensates landowners, helps family farms.
2.No political process to go through—“private” negotiation between buyer and seller.
3.Voluntary

Front 62

Disadvantages of Purchase of Development Rights

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1.Voluntary (so preservation may be piecemeal)
2.Expensive—either paid for by a tax or by private orgs that typically don’t have tons of money

Front 63

Conservation subdivisions

Back 63

i.Parcel-level growth management
ii.Allows same or higher number of units as with conventional subdivisions, but with permanently preserved land (usu. 40-60% of original parcel)
iii.Many Michigan municipalities have an option like this on their books, but most don’t provide incentives
iv.Pretty much have to have incentives for this to work.
v.Can really change the “feel” of development to preserve rural character
vi.But can end up being piecemeal because it’s usually voluntary
vii.Can still fragment habitat if adjacent developments don’t mesh well to preserve the largest possible area of undeveloped land.

Front 64

Planners can make it cheaper to develop in a city

Back 64

i.For example, in Nashville developers can submit one set of plans online that every department (building, fire, planning, water, sewer) can review concurrently.
ii.Can reduce or waive fees in target areas.

Front 65

Planners can make it easier to develop in a city

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i.For example, land banks are public authorities that acquire, manage, and resell foreclosed, abandoned, and vacant property in cities.
ii.Streamline process because they own clear title to property and can assemble larger parcels.

Front 66

Rolf Pendall Study

Back 66

i.Studied five growth management methods (UGBs, moratoria, building permit caps, uniform low density zoning, adequate public facilities ordinances)
ii.Uniform low density zoning had strongest negative effect on rental housing, which in turn had negative effect on percentage black and Hispanic residents. Building permit caps and moratoria had negative effect on Hispanic residents.
iii.UGBs send land prices through the roof, but if they are accompanied by well-managed programs to increase density and provide for affordable housing, housing prices need not rise any more than they would in a similar city without a UGB

Front 67

Urban Renewal and Community Development Goals

Back 67

1. facilitation of economic growth or, measures to retard loss.
2. Attempts to increase the quality of housing stock
3. Attempts to sustain and improve commercial functions
4. Improvement of some physical aspect of community
5. Furtherance of urban design goals
6. Provision for a variety of social services

Front 68

Goals of the Housing Act of 1949

Back 68

Eliminating substandard housing
revitalizing city economies
constructing good housing
reducing de facto segregation

Front 69

2 economic Rationale for Urban Renewal

Back 69

residual value and land assemblage

Front 70

City Realty Corporations

Back 70

Organizations that would be able to use eminent domain to assemble land and would have funds from higher levels of government for the acquisition and clearance of sites.

Front 71

Berman v Parker 1954

Back 71

supreme court ruled that the Urban Renewal program of using eminent domain to transfer property from one private party to another private party

Front 72

Kelo v New London 2005

Back 72

Affirmed private to private eminent domain transfers, but also spurred backlash that caused many state legislatures to ban this activity via ordinance

Front 73

Urban Renewal ended what year

Back 73

1973

Front 74

Housing and Community Development Act of 1974

Back 74

programs that provide funds for specific categories of activity. Created the Community Development Block Grand

Front 75

Requirements of Community Development Funds

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- "stimulative" not "substitutive"
-primarily benefited low and moderate income persons
- A Housing Assistance Plan was required
- Citizen Participation

Front 76

Housing Assistance Plan

Back 76

requirement of the housing and community development act which spelled out community housing needs and laid out plans for dealing with them.

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Urban Homesteading

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house is essentially given to a new owner, who promises to "bring it up to code" within a given time period. If new owner succeeds in doing so, the title then passes to him or her without charge

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HUD Plan Requirements

Back 78

must contain an inventory of the community housing stock and numerical goals. And an analysis of the housing needs of lower-income renters.

Front 79

Overcrowding

Back 79

defined by the census bureau as more than one resident per room

Front 80

upper limit a household should spend on housing

Back 80

35% of their income

Front 81

Housing Bubble

Back 81

for years housing prices rose considerably each year, in '06 they crashed. Caused by securitized mortgages that could be sold by a broker. false good bond ratings due to bundling made sales easy and prevalent. Mortgage lending became looser and looser. This was increased by federal programs like Community Reinvestment and Fannie Mae and Freddie mac that qualified buyers that would not typically be qualified. When buyers defaulted banks began insuring against losses with Credit Default Swaps. When a lot of buyers defaulted at one, insurance companies were pushed toward insolvency.

Front 82

Mortgage Electronic Registration System

Back 82

a small company that banks paid to register their mortgages electronically rather than filing in person. As the foreclosure crisis unfolded, people who resisted claimed that banks didn't have a valid claim over their home because of improper filing. The absence of a paper trail increased uncertainty.

Front 83

Home Affordable Modification Program

Back 83

encouraged banks to renegotiate the terms of mortgages by some combination of reduced interest rates, stretched out durations, and reduced principal amounts.

Front 84

when did public transit ridership reach an all time high and why

Back 84

1945, wartime employment peaked, gasoline was rationed and civilian production of automobiles had been suspended for several years.

Front 85

Top 3 Places for Public transit

Back 85

1. New York (MTA) 31% of all
2. Chicago
3. Los Angeles

Front 86

collection

Back 86

getting the rider to the public transit vehicle

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distribution

Back 87

getting the rider from vehicle to his final destination

Front 88

Why is transportation to work emphasized?

Back 88

It is the mainstay of demand, even when ridership declines, the journey to work holds up.

Front 89

paratransit/demand response systems

Back 89

send a vehicle in response to a call. Do not operate on a fixed route or have a fixed schedule

Front 90

National Railroad Passenger Corporation 1971

Back 90

promotes passenger rail service by paying railroads to provide service,its not as nice as European models because it uses freight rails that are slower and are interrupted by business and freight transport. operating under the Amtrak name.

Front 91

Why is transit a inefficient means of transferring income

Back 91

not all poor people use public transportation and not all public transportation users are poor.

Front 92

Highway Act of 1954

Back 92

provided 50% matching subsidies for urban highways and funds for transportation planning. It also required matching subsidies.

Front 93

National Defense Highway Act 1956

Back 93

initiated the building of the Interstate Highway System

Front 94

1950s Chicago Area Transportation Study method

Back 94

a rectangular grid is imposed on the region, and data collected for each square in the grid. The data gathered for each zone include both population and economic information. Then any given transportation alternative can be evaluated.

Front 95

4 step process for Metropolitan Area Transportation Planning

Back 95

1. Estimate trip generation
2. Estimate trip distribution using the gravity model
3. Estimate modal split (quality:price)
4. predicting trip assignment

Front 96

Benefit-Cost Analysis

Back 96

process of systematically enumerating the benefits and costs of a particular option, say, a new link in the road network or an extension of a transit line, and assigning monetary values. The ratio of benefits to costs can then be calculated.

Front 97

induced demand

Back 97

when the capacity of the road network is increased, it is often observed that traffic congestion does not fall much on the other roads and that in the peak hours the new road may be operating at close to maximum capacity in a very short period of time.

Front 98

Urban Mass Transit Act of 1964

Back 98

helped reverse the decline in transit ridership with increased federal funding

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Bus Rapid Transit

Back 99

The bus operates on its own right-of-way, generally with longer spacing than does an ordinary bus. The stop resembles a railroad stop more than a conventional bus stop due to elevated boarding platform

Front 100

Intermodal Surface transportation Efficiency Act of 1991

Back 100

continues federal transportation aid to states and localities but requires integration of transportation planning with land use and environmental planning. Poor Air Quality requires a plan that deals with automotive emissions.

Front 101

Safe, Accountable, Flexible, Efficient Transportation Equity Act: A Legacy for Users 2005

Back 101

provided funding over a 6-year period. 1/5 for transit and flexible uses.

Front 102

Transportation System Management

Back 102

set of techniques that work to extract more performance from existing road networks

Front 103

High-Occupancy Vehicle Lane

Back 103

lane that can only be used by those carpooling

Front 104

Traffic Metering

Back 104

entry from a feeder road onto a main artery is controlled so as to maintain good traffic flow conditions on the main route and thus maximize carrying capacity.

Front 105

Travel Demand Management

Back 105

techniques intended to improve transportation system performance by reducing travel demand.

Front 106

How has SAFETEA-LU boosted the private toll-road trend

Back 106

the law permits investors to build toll roads using tax-exempt revenue bonds at low-interest rates making the systems more economically feasible. Additionally, it permits HOV lanes to be converted to high-occupancy toll lanes that allow single-occupant vehicles for a toll.

Front 107

Dynamic tolling

Back 107

the charge for using the lane can vary as often as every 6 minutes and the rate is posted on electronically operated signs along the roadway so that motorists can adjust their choice of HOT lane or untolled lanes accordingly. A transponder in the automobile is tripped electronically when the car is in the HOT lane and the motorist is billed periodically

Front 108

Smart Highway

Back 108

equipping the roadway with sensing devices and computing equipment so as to permit instantaneous decision making that optimizes traffic flow.

Front 109

Historic Roots of Economic Development Planning

Back 109

in the beginning, transportation infrastructure was huge because overland transport costs were so high that a significant reduction in this cost could give merchants in one city an overwhelming advantage over competitors in other cities. canal building then railroad building then competition for manufacturing.

Front 110

structural unemployment

Back 110

long-term mismatch between the supply of labor and the demand for labor. Skills as a result of technological change, geographic as a result of changing market

Front 111

after WWII, what changed in economic development?

Back 111

government shifted to macroeconomic policy as the labor market took care of itself in prosperous times. Structural unemployment soon became apparent and in 1961 congress began to direct federal funds to both skills and geographic mismatches.

Front 112

Area Redevelopment Administration 1961-->Economic Development Administration 1965

Back 112

programs that directed federal funds to economic development in lagging areas generally identified on the basis of federal statistics on personal income and unemployment rates

Front 113

Industrial Revenue Bond

Back 113

mechanism to aid local economic development efforts through provisions in the IRS code to permit local governments to, in effect, make tax-exempt loans to companies, and this lowers a company's debt service burden. Not specifically targeted to poorer places.

Front 114

State Economic Development Incentives

Back 114

investment tax credits, low-interest loans, infrastructure grants, labor force training grants.

Front 115

Motives communities have for pursuing economic development

Back 115

employment, property tax relief, benefits for various sectors of the business community

Front 116

Four Major things a community can do to facilitate its economic growth

Back 116

1. sales and promotion
2. subsidization
3. special small area financing arrangements
4. making sites and buildings available

Front 117

tax abatement

Back 117

reduced property taxes for new commercial or industrial development

Front 118

enterprise zone

Back 118

an area designated to offer a variety of tax breaks, grants,and waiving of land-use regulations for new investment

Front 119

downside of subsidizing for economic development

Back 119

1. Subsidies push up the tax rate, so municipalities that subsidize 1 development make themselves less attractive to all other developments
2. information asymmetry leading to inefficient subsidy amounts

Front 120

Tax Increment Financing

Back 120

the increase in property tax revenues resulting from new development in the area is reserved for reinvestment in that area.

Front 121

Business Investment District

Back 121

Property owners within a district are charged a surtax above the prevailing property tax rate, with that surcharge dedicated to investment within the district.

Front 122

Municipal Industrial Parks

Back 122

community uses public funds and eminent domain to acquire and develop sites for firms. Significant public subsidy in such operations in that the rent covers only a fraction of the costs incurred in site.

Front 123

land banking

Back 123

acquiring land or perhaps options on land with a view simply to hold it as a potential commercial site. Its expensive.

Front 124

incubator buildings

Back 124

a building that provides space for business start-ups. Reduces costs by use of shared facilities and in some cases also by some degree of subsidy if that space is rented to firms at below cost.

Front 125

revolving loan funds

Back 125

starts with a block of capital from public or local business sources and uses it to make small loans to small local businesses. As those loans are repaid, funds become available for additional loans. Often made at reduced interest rates.

Front 126

use of land use controls and provision of infrastructure in economic development

Back 126

ensure that adequate privately owned land will be available for commercial development, capital funds can be spent to provide utilities and access.

Front 127

multijurisdictional economic development agencies

Back 127

promote an area rather than a single jurisdiction. Share advertising and public relations expenses and have a policy of seeking to guide prospective investors to whichever jurisdiction in the area best meets the needs of that investor.

Front 128

Systematic approach to economic development

Back 128

1. needs assessment
2. market evaluation
3. assessment of the consequences of an economic development program
4. plan formulation
a. marketing
b. use of subsidies
c. capital investments
d. land-use element

Front 129

first growth management program

Back 129

Ramapo, New York in 1969. Added rules that made it possible to turn down development proposals that met the zoning requirements if the development did not have enough points for infrastructure keyed to the town's capital improvement plan.

Front 130

what does growth management tend to do

Back 130

emphasize limiting residential growth because such a policy tends to produce tight labor markets and high housing prices

Front 131

Who wins and loses in growth management

Back 131

win: those who own developed property in the community
lose: those who would like to own property but don't.

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defense of privilege

Back 132

charge of hypocrisy by opponents of growth management and protestations of virtue by its proponents. making it easier to keep certain areas exclusive.

Front 133

Boulder, CO growth management strategy

Back 133

limiting building permits for residential units to 400 per year ~1% of city's population and buying land outside the city line for permanent open space, in effect creating a greenbelt.

Front 134

holding zone

Back 134

land-use controls that hold population to very low density levels via large lot zoning requirements and tax policies that encourage farmers to keep their lands in agricultural use.

Front 135

Buck County Growth Management Technique

Back 135

performance zoning approach w/ some euclidean elements by specifying the amount of permissible impervious cover and the number of units per acre.

Front 136

Financial issues that contribute to growth management

Back 136

how to provide infrastructure for growth before growth occurs and how topay the infrastructure costs that growth imposes.

Front 137

exaction

Back 137

a payment that a jurisdiction demands in return for permitting development to take place.

Front 138

proffers

Back 138

a variation on the exaction theme which requires developments to offer to pay the infrastructure costs of major projects

Front 139

urban growth area

Back 139

all land within the growth area is ultimately subject to annexation. Within this area, urban services are provided and urban development standards apply. as development takes place the city annexes the area. Developers are required to provide off-site infrastructure.

Front 140

concurrency requirements

Back 140

requirements that stipulate that before new development can occur, local governments must demonstrate to the state Department of Community Affairs that the infrastructure required to support that development is in place.

Front 141

Transportation Concurrency Exemption Areas

Back 141

created when the local government commits itself to improving public transportation or engages in various transportation demand initiatives.

Front 142

forces behind sprawl

Back 142

economic dynamism of those parts of the state near major metropolises and public demand for housing and "private imperium"

Front 143

pros and cons of growth management

Back 143

pros: sensible development patterns, healthy treasury, adequate community services and minimally disrupted natural environment.

cons: legitimate growth blocked, defending the already privileged, costs displaced to other jurisdictions

Front 144

indicators of sprawl

Back 144

1. leapfrog or scattered development
2. commercial strip development
3. large expanses of low-density or single-use developments

Front 145

poor accessibility

Back 145

sprawled areas are inconvenient to get around because one must drive past undeveloped areas to get to one's destination

Front 146

functional open space

Back 146

open land that is available for recreational or other public use.

Front 147

New Urbanist design

Back 147

emphasizes relatively close spacing between structures and a fine-grained mixture of land uses

Front 148

sustainable development

Back 148

development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.

Front 149

3 goals of Sustainable Development Planning

Back 149

1. environmental quality
2. Social Equity
3. Economic Development

Front 150

Environmental Planning Goals

Back 150

minimizing threats to human health and life
preserving resources for future use
achieving aesthetic and recreational goals
minimizing damage to the environment

Front 151

energy planning goal

Back 151

saving nonrenewable energy resources

Front 152

4 problems of environmental planning

Back 152

1. environmental processes are complex and not fully understood
2. environmental problems do not follow political boundaries
3. the solution to one problem may create more problems
4. environmental problems rouse strong emotions and produce large political conflict

Front 153

National Environmental Policy Act of 1969

Back 153

declares it a continuing policy of federal government to create and maintain conditions under which man and nature exist in harmony.

Front 154

Legislation that followed NEPA

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1. creation of the Environmental Protection Agency
2. Clean Air Act of 1970
3. Clean Water Act of 1972
4. Marine Protection, Control and Sanctuaries Act of 1972
5. Safe Drinking Water Act of 1974
6. Coastal Zone Management Act of 1972
7. Resource Conservation And Recovery Act of 1976
8. Toxic Substances Control Act of 1976
9. Comprehensive Environmental Response,Compensation and Liability Act of 1980 (Superfund)

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State Implementation Plans

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Required under the Clean Air Act for states that do not meat the federal National Ambient Air Quality Standards. Plan must reduce point sources and mobile sources of air pollution.

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Energy Policy Act of 2005

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Bill oriented toward increasing domestic production of energy. Included subsidies, friendly regulatory treatment, and preferential tax treatment for almost every sort of energy and preferring fossil fuels.

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American recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009

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contained substantial sums for scientific research related to environmental and energy issues, green buildings, subsidies for alternative energy development, and modernization and expansion of the U.S. electric grid.

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cap and trade

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a system that would limit the permitted carbon emissions of major industrial and commercial emitters and then allow those emitters who were under their limits to sell their unused emissions rights to firms that wanted to emit more than their permitted amount. Amerian Clean Energy and Security Act

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Environmental Impact Statement

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a precondition of federal funds. An agency considering an action must prepare an environmental assessment. this is a relatively brief document that describes the projects and discusses environmental impacts. If their is an impact identified the firm must go through the EIS process.

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EIS Process

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1. scoping process by government and public
2. draft EIS
3. circulation for official and public opinion
4. final EIS
5. record of decision

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Federal Water Pollution Control Act of 1972

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brought into being state and local water quality planning efforts, requires states to produce water-quality plans.

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1972 Coastal Zone Management Act

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imposes coastal zone planning requirements on the states

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Sagebrush Rebellion

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Loose coalition of Anti-regulatory forces

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Wise Use movement

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anti-regulatory force that took positions on a variety of regulatory and control issues claiming wise use is a combination of commercial use and environmental conservation

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5 ways local level planning can contribute to environmental quality

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1. control of the intensity of development
2. control of the type of development
3. control of the location of development
4. public capital investment
5. control of the operation once development is complete

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When and why did energy planning emerge

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October 1973 when the energy price increases and shortages that followed the Arab oil embargo at the time of the Arab-Israeli War.

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Reasons for energy planning

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1. peak oil
2. chronic trade deficits from imported oil

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4 categories of energy conservation

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1. land-use planning
2. changes in building characteristics
3. changes in transportation
4. community energy sources

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green building codes

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codes that mandate a variety of energy saving and environmentally friendly features in new buildings

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6 major categories of LEED points

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1. sustainable sites
2. water efficiency
3. energy and atmosphere
4. materials and resources
5. indoor environmental quality
5. innovation and design process

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community connectivity

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ease of access to other parts of the community

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cogeneration

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a system in which waste heat from one process is put to a second use rather than simply discharged into the atmosphere

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Effects of WWII on planning in western europe

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enormous destruction of urban areas. emphasis on reconstruction and on rebuilding the housing stock destroyed in the war

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Effects of the EU on planning in Western Europe

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the European community is increasingly becoming a single nation economically

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Effects of socialism on planning in Western Europe

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the larger role for the government in general life of the nation usually also includes a larger role for planning in particular.

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Effects of higher population densities on planning in Western Europe

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More emphasis on concentrating development and on using land more efficiently simply because there is less land per capita

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Effects of less expansive property rights on planning in Western Europe

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the greater degree of control that government can exercise over the use of private property in Europe clearly strengthens the hand of the planner

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Effects of substantial public housing and public land on planning in Western Europe

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the government ownership gives the planner a powerful role in shaping the human-made environment

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effects of reliance on administrative decisions vs courts on planning in Western Europe

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municipal governments are less inhibited by fears that their actions in regard to regulating use of privately owned land will be reversed in court.

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effects of more centralized governments on planning in Western Europe

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allows national governments to require that local plans be in conformance with the national plan

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Planning in Eastern Europe

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priority given to industry
construction of massive housing projects
low emphasis on needs of service activities
uncertainty post soviet union

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Planning in Asia

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great income disparity between nations
large differences in population growth
wide variety of political structures
coexistence of large modern sectors with rural and urban poor.

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Spatial Analysis

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Transformations, manipulations, and methods that can be applied to geographic data to add value to them, to support decisions, and to reveal patterns and anomalies that are not immediately obvious.

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Dr. John Snow

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Cholera outbreak, London 1854 traced source back to the well via spatial analysis

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Types of Spatial Analysis

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Queries
Measurements
Transformations
Descriptive Summaries
Optimization
Hypothesis Testing
Spatial Modeling

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Spatial Modeling

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The process of manipulating and analyzing spatial/geographical data to generate useful information for solving complex problems

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Types of Spatial Modeling

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Static
Individual/Aggregate
Cellular
Cartographic/Map Algebra

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Why Spatial Modeling

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Support Decision Making
Experimentation
Examine Dynamic Outcomes