Planning & Law Timeline - 1785-2005

Front 1

1785

Back 1

Ordinance of _____. Provided for the rectangular land survey of the Old Northwest. The rectangular survey has been called "the largest single act of national planning in our history and ... the most significant in terms of continuing impact on the body politic" (Daniel Elazar).

Front 2

1791

Back 2

In his Report on Manufactures, Alexander Hamilton argues for protective tariffs for manufacturing industry as a means of promoting industrial development in the young republic.

Front 3

1818

Back 3

In a speech before Congress, Henry Clay proposes a plan (called the American System) to allocate federal funds to promote the development of the national economy by combining tariffs with internal improvements, such as roads, canals and other
waterways

Front 4

1825

Back 4

Erie Canal completed. This artificial waterway connected the northeastern states with the newly settled areas of what was then the West, facilitating the economic development of both regions

Front 5

1839

Back 5

The National Road terminates in Vandalia, Illinois. Begun in 1811 in Cumberland, Maryland, it helps open the Ohio Valley to settlers

Front 6

1855

Back 6

First "model tenement" built in Manhattan

Front 7

1862

Back 7

Homestead Act opened the lands of the Public Domain to settlers for a nominal fee and five years residence

Front 8

1862

Back 8

Morrill Act. Congress authorizes land grants from the Public Domain to the states. Proceeds from the sale were to be used to found colleges offering instruction in agriculture, engineering, and other practical arts

Front 9

1864

Back 9

New York Council of Hygiene of the Citizens association mounts a campaign to raise housing and sanitary standards

Front 10

1868

Back 10

Frederick Law Olmsted and Calvert Vaux begin the planning of Riverside Illinois, a planned suburban community stressing rural as opposed to urban amenities.

Front 11

1869

Back 11

The Union Pacific and the Central Pacific railroads meet at Promontory Point, Utah, on May 10 to complete the first transcontinental railroad.

Front 12

1878

Back 12

John Wesley Powell's Report on the Lands of the Arid Region of the United States is published. Includes a proposed regional plan that would both foster settlement of the arid west and conserve scarce water resources

Front 13

1879

Back 13

Progress and Poverty published. In this influential book Henry George presents an argument for diminishing extremes of national wealth and poverty by means of a single tax (on land) that would capture the "unearned increment" of national development for public uses

Front 14

1879

Back 14

Debut of the "Dumbbell Tenement," so called because of its shape. A form of multifamily housing widely built in New York until the end of the century and notorious for the poor living conditions it imposed on its denizens (lack of light, air, space).

Front 15

1879

Back 15

Establishment of U.S. Geological Survey to survey and classify all Public Domain lands

Front 16

1880-84

Back 16

Building of Pullman, Illinois, model industrial town by George Pullman

Front 17

1887

Back 17

Mugler vs Kansas - US Supreme Court ruled that the courts have the duty to strike down local laws that do not have a real or substantial relation to the police power.

Front 18

1890

Back 18

How the Other Half Lives, by Jacob Riis, is published; a powerful stimulus to housing and neighborhood reform

Front 19

1891

Back 19

General Land Law Revision Act gave President power to create forest preserves by proclamation

Front 20

1892

Back 20

Sierra Club founded to promote the protection and preservation of the natural environment. John Muir, Scottish-American naturalist, and a major figure in the history of American environmentalism, was the leading founder

Front 21

1893

Back 21

World's Columbian Exposition in Chicago commemorating the 400th anniversary of the discovery of the New World. A source of the City Beautiful Movement and of the urban planning profession.

Front 22

1896

Back 22

United States v. Gettysburg Electric Railway Co. The first significant legal case concerning historic preservation. The U.S. Supreme Court rules that the acquisition of the national battlefield at Gettysburg served a valid public purpose

Front 23

1897

Back 23

Forest Management Act. Authorized some control by the Secretary of the Interior over the use and occupancy of the forest preserves

Front 24

1898

Back 24

Tomorrow: A Peaceful Path to Real Reform, by Ebenezer Howard, a source of the Garden City Movement. Reissued in 1902 as Garden Cities of Tomorrow.

Front 25

1898

Back 25

Gifford Pinchot becomes Chief Forester of the United States in the Department of Agriculture. From this position he publicizes the cause of forest conservation.

Front 26

1901

Back 26

New York State Tenement House Law. The legislative basis for the revision of city codes that outlawed tenements such as the "Dumbbell Tenement." Lawrence Veiller was the leading reformer

Front 27

1902

Back 27

U.S. Reclamation Act. Created fund from sale of public land in the arid states to supply water there through the construction of water storage and irrigation works.

Front 28

1903

Back 28

Letchworth constructed. First English Garden City and a stimulus to New Town movement in America (Greenbelt Towns, Columbia, etc.).

Front 29

1903

Back 29

President Theodore Roosevelt appoints a Public Lands Commission to propose rules for orderly land development and management.

Front 30

1906

Back 30

Antiquities Act of ____: First law to institute federal protection for preserving archaeological sites. Provided for designation as National Monuments areas already in the public domain that contained "historic landmarks, historic and prehistoric structures, and objects of historic or scientific interest."

Front 31

1907

Back 31

Founding of New York Committee on the Congestion of Population. Fostered movement, led by its secretary, Benjamin Marsh, to decentralize New York's dense population.

Front 32

1907

Back 32

President Roosevelt establishes an Inland Waterway Commission to encourage multipurpose planning in waterway development: navigation, power, irrigation, flood control, water supply.

Front 33

1908

Back 33

White House Conservation Conference. State governors, federal officials, and leading scientists assemble to deliberate about the conservation of natural resources.

Front 34

1909

Back 34

First National Conference on City Planning in Washington, D.C.

Front 35

1909

Back 35

Daniel Burnham's Plan of Chicago published. First metropolitan plan in the United States. (Key figures: Frederick A. Delano, Charles Wacker, Charles Dyer Norton.)

Front 36

1909

Back 36

Welch vs Swasey - US Supreme Court upholds right of municipalities to regulate building heights. This validated the use of construction standards to uphold public safety.

Front 37

1909

Back 37

Possibly the first course in city planning in this country is inaugurated in Harvard College's Landscape Architecture Department. Taught by James Sturgis Pray

Front 38

1912

Back 38

Eubank vs. City of Richmond - In this case, a Zoning Ordinance establishing building setback lines was held unconstitutional and not a valid use of the Police Power; violates the due process of law and is therefore unconstitutional under the 14th amendment. In general though it was the first time the Court recognized the constitutionality of setbacks

Front 39

1912

Back 39

Walter D. Moody's "Wacker's Manual of the Plan of Chicago"is adopted as an eigth-grade textbook on City Planning by the Chicago Board of Education. Possibly the first formal instruction in city planning below the college level.

Front 40

1914

Back 40

Flavel Shurtleff writes Carrying Out the City Plan, the first major textbook on city planning.

Front 41

1914

Back 41

Panama Canal completed and opened to world commerce.

Front 42

1914

Back 42

Harland Bartholomew, eventually the country's best known planning consultant, becomes the first full-time employee in Newark, New Jersey, of a city planning commission

Front 43

1915

Back 43

Hadacheck vs Sebastian - US Supreme Court upheld a regulation that governed the placement of land uses.

Front 44

1915

Back 44

Patrick Geddes, "Father of Regional Planning" and mentor of Lewis Mumford, publishes Cities in Evolution.

Front 45

1916

Back 45

Nelson P. Lewis published Planning of the Modern City

Front 46

1916

Back 46

Nation's first comprehensive zoning resolution adopted by New York City Board of Estimates under the leadership of George McAneny and Edward Bassett, known as the "Father of Zoning."

Front 47

1916

Back 47

National Park Service established with sole responsibility for conserving and preserving resources of special value.

Front 48

1917

Back 48

Frederick Law Olmsted, Jr. becomes first president of newly founded American City Planning Institute, forerunner of American Institute of Planners and American Institute of Certified Planners

Front 49

1918

Back 49

U.S. Housing Corporation and Emergency Fleet Corporation established. Influenced later endeavors in public housing. Operated at major shipping centers to provide housing for World War I workers.

Front 50

1919

Back 50

Three early unifunctional regional authorities--the Metropolitan Sewerage Commission, the Metropolitan Water Board and the Metropolitan Park Commission--combined to form the Boston Metropolitan District Commission

Front 51

1921

Back 51

New Orleans designates the Vieux Carre Commission, the first historic preservation commission in the U.S.

Front 52

1922

Back 52

Los Angeles County Regional Planning Commission created. First of its kind in the United States. (Hugh Pomeroy, head of staff.)

Front 53

1922

Back 53

Inauguration of Regional Plan of New York under Thomas Adams

Front 54

1922

Back 54

Pennsylvania Coal Co. v. Mahon. The first decision to hold that a land use restriction constituted a taking. The U.S. Supreme Court (Justice Brandeis dissenting) noted "property may be regulated to a certain extent, [but] if regulation goes too far it will be recognized as a taking," thus acknowledging the principle of a "regulatory taking."

Front 55

1923

Back 55

Ground broken for construction of Mariemont, Ohio, in suburban Cincinnati. Mary Emery was its founder and benefactor; John Nolen, the planner. Some of its features (short blocks, mixture of rental and owner-occupied housing) foreshadow the contemporary New Urbanism movement

Front 56

1924

Back 56

U.S. Department of Commerce under Secretary Herbert Hoover issues a Standard State Zoning Enabling Act

Front 57

1924-
28

Back 57

Sunnyside Gardens, a planned neighborhood designed by Clarence Stein and Henry Wright, is built by City Housing Corporation under Alexander Bing in Queens, New York.

Front 58

1925

Back 58

Publication of "Regional Plan" issue of Survey Graphic, influential essays on regional planning by Lewis Mumford and other members of the Regional Planning Association of America (e.g., Catherine Bauer).

Front 59

1925

Back 59

Cincinnati, Ohio, becomes first major American city officially to endorse a comprehensive plan. (Alfred Bettman, Ladislas Segoe).

Front 60

1925

Back 60

Ernest Burgess's "Concentric Zone" model of urban structure and land use is published.

Front 61

1926

Back 61

Village of Euclid v. Ambler Realty. Constitutionality of zoning upheld by the U.S. Supreme Court.

Front 62

1928

Back 62

U.S. Department of Commerce under Secretary Herbert Hoover issues a Standard City Planning Enabling Act

Front 63

1928

Back 63

Nectow vs City of Cambridge - US Supreme Court struck down a local zoning ordinance that was not reasonably tied to a valid public purpose under the police power.

Front 64

1928

Back 64

Construction of Radburn, New Jersey, begun. Planned community inspired by Howard's Garden City concept and designed by Stein and Wright. A forerunner of the New Deal's Greenbelt towns.

Front 65

1929

Back 65

Clarence Perry's monograph on the Neighborhood Unit is published in Volume VII of The Regional Survey of New York and Its Environs

Front 66

1929

Back 66

Wisconsin law, first instance of rural zoning, authorized county boards "to regulate, restrict and determine the areas within which agriculture, forestry and recreation may be conducted."

Front 67

1931

Back 67

National Land Utilization Conference convened in Chicago. Three hundred agricultural experts deliberate on rural recovery programs and natural resource conservation

Front 68

1932

Back 68

Bove vs Donner-Hanna Coke Corp - The court ruled that an owner cannot make use of his property if that use creates a material annoyance to his neighbor or if his neighbor's life or property is lessened by the use.

Front 69

1932

Back 69

Federal Home Loan Bank System established to shore up shaky home financing institutions

Front 70

1932

Back 70

Reconstruction Finance Corporation established at the outset of the Great Depression to revive economic activity by extending financial aid to failing financial, industrial, and agricultural institutions.

Front 71

1933

Back 71

FDR inaugurated. New Deal begins with a spate of counter-depression measures.

Front 72

1933

Back 72

Home Owners Loan Corporation established to save homeowners facing loss through foreclosure

Front 73

1933

Back 73

The National Planning Board established in the Interior Department to assist in the preparation of a comprehensive plan for public works under the direction of Frederick Delano, Charles Merriam, Wesley Mitchell. Its last successor agency, the National Resources Planning Board, was abolished in 1943

Front 74

1933

Back 74

Civilian Conservation Corps established to provide work for unemployed youth and to conserve nation's natural resources.

Front 75

1933

Back 75

Federal Emergency Relief Administration set up under Harry Hopkins to organize relief work in urban and rural areas.

Front 76

1933

Back 76

Tennessee Valley Authority created to provide for unified and multipurpose rehabilitation and redevelopment of the Tennessee Valley, America's most famous experiment in river-basin planning. Senator George Norris of Nebraska fathered idea,
and David Lilienthal was its most effective implementer

Front 77

1933

Back 77

The Agricultural Adjustment Act is passed to regulate agricultural trade practices, production, prices, supply areas (and therefore land use) as a recovery measure.

Front 78

1934

Back 78

American Society of Planning Officials founded, an organization for planners, planning commissioners and planning-related public officials.

Front 79

1934

Back 79

National Housing Act. Established FSLIC for insuring savings deposits and the FHA for insuring individual home mortgages.

Front 80

1934

Back 80

Taylor Grazing Act is passed, its purpose to regulate the use of the range in the West for conservation purposes.

Front 81

1935

Back 81

Resettlement Administration established under Rexford Tugwell, Roosevelt
"braintruster," to carry out experiments in land reform and population resettlement.
This agency built the three Greenbelt towns (Greenbelt, Maryland; Greendale, Wisconsin; Greenhills, Ohio) forerunners of present day New Towns: Columbia, Maryland; Reston, Virginia; etc.)

Front 82

1935

Back 82

Soil Conservation Act. Congress moves to make prevention of soil erosion a national responsibility.

Front 83

1935

Back 83

The Historic Sites, Buildings and Antiquities Act, a predecessor of the National Historic Preservation Act, passed. Requires the Secretary of the Interior to identify, acquire, and restore qualifying historic sites and properties and calls upon federal agencies to consider preservation needs in their programs and plans

Front 84

1935

Back 84

Social Security Act passed to create a safety net for elderly. Frances Perkins, Secretary of Labor and first woman cabinet member, was a principal promoter.

Front 85

1935

Back 85

Congress authorizes construction of the Grande Coulee Dam in Central Washington
State. Finished in 1941, it is the largest concrete structure in the U.S. and the heart of
the Columbia Basin Project, a regional plan comparable in its scope to TVA. The project's purposes are irrigation, electric power generation and flood control in the Pacific Northwest

Front 86

1936

Back 86

Hoover Dam on the Colorado River completed. Creates and sustains population growth and industrial development in Nevada, California, and Arizona

Front 87

1937

Back 87

U.S. Housing Act (Wagner-Steagall). Set the stage for future government aid by appropriating $500 million in loans for low-cost housing. Tied slum clearance to public housing.

Front 88

1937

Back 88

Farm Security Administration established, successor to the Resettlement Administration and administrator of many programs to aid the rural poor.

Front 89

1938

Back 89

The American Institute of Planners, the planning field's professional organization, states as its purpose: "... the planning of the unified developoment of urban communities and their environs, and of states, regions and the nation, as expressed through determination of the comprehensive arrangement of land uses and land
occupancy and the regulation thereof."

Front 90

1939

Back 90

Homer Hoyt's influential "sector theory" of urban growth appears in his monograph, The Structure and Growth of Residential Neighborhoods in American Cities

Front 91

1941

Back 91

Local Planning Administration, by Ladislas Segoe, first of "Green Book" series, appears

Front 92

1941

Back 92

Robert Walker's Planning Function in Urban Government published

Front 93

1944

Back 93

Bretton Woods (New Hampshire) Agreement. The U.S. and allies meet to establish the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (World Bank).

Front 94

1944

Back 94

Serviceman's Readjustment Act ("G.I. Bill"). Guaranteed loans for homes to veterans under favorable terms, thereby accelerating the growth of suburbs.

Front 95

1947

Back 95

Housing and Home Financing Agency (predecessor of HUD) created to coordinate federal government's various housing programs

Front 96

1947

Back 96

Construction of Park Forest, Illinois, and Levittown, New York, begun

Front 97

1949

Back 97

Housing Act (Wagner-Ellender-Taft Bill). First U.S. comprehensive housing legislation. Aimed to construct about 800,000 units. Inaugurated urban redevelopment program.

Front 98

1949

Back 98

The National Trust for Historic Preservation is created and chartered by Congress.

Front 99

1954

Back 99

In Berman v. Parker, U.S. Supreme Court upholds right of Washington, D.C. Redevelopment Land Agency to condemn properties that are unsightly, though non-deteriorated, if required to achieve objectives of duly established area redevelopment
plan.

Front 100

1954

Back 100

In Brown v. Board of Education (Topeka, Kansas), Supreme Court upholds school integration.

Front 101

1954

Back 101

Housing Act of ____. Stressed slum prevention and urban renewal rather than slum clearance and urban redevelopment as in the 1949 act. Also stimulated general planning for cities under 25,000 population by providing funds under Section 701 of the act. "701 funding" later extended by legislative amendments to foster statewide, interstate, and substate regional planning.

Front 102

1954

Back 102

The Council of Government movement (COGS) begins in the Detroit area with the formation of a Supervisors' Inter-County Committee composed of the representatives of each county in southeastern Michigan for the purpose of confronting areawide
problems. It soon spreads nationwide.

Front 103

1956

Back 103

Congress passes multibillion dollar Federal Aid Highway Act to create interstate highway system linking all state capitals and most cities of 50,000 population or more

Front 104

1957

Back 104

F. Stuart Chapin publishes Urban Land Use Planning

Front 105

1957

Back 105

Education for Planning. A seminal, book-length inquiry by Harvey S. Perloff into the "appropriate intellectual, practical and 'philosophical' basis for the education of city and regional planners ..."

Front 106

1959

Back 106

A "Multiple Land Use Classification System" (A. Guttenberg) published in Journal of American Institute of Planners. The first approach to the definition of land-use classifications in multidimensional terms.

Front 107

1959

Back 107

Congress establishes the Advisory Commission on Intergovernmental Relations (ACIR), with members from various branches of government. Serves primarily as a research agency and think tank in area of intergovernmental relations

Front 108

1959

Back 108

The American Collegiate Schools of Planning (ASCP) is born when a few department heads of planning schools get together at the annual ASIP conference to confer on common problems and interests regarding the eductation of planners.

Front 109

1959

Back 109

The St. Lawrence Seaway is completed. This joint U.S.-Canada project created, in effect, a fourth North American seacoast, opening the American heartland to sea-going vessels.

Front 110

1960

Back 110

Image of the City by Kevin Lynch defines basic elements of city's "imageability" (paths, edges, nodes, etc.).

Front 111

1961

Back 111

The Death and Life of Great American Cities, by Jane Jacobs, includes a critique of planning and planners.

Front 112

1961

Back 112

Hawaii becomes first state to institute statewide zoning.

Front 113

1961

Back 113

A Delaware River Basin Commission representing the states of New York, New Jersey and Pennsylvania is created to foster joint management of the river's water resources.

Front 114

1962

Back 114

The urban growth simulation model emerges in the Penn-Jersey Transportation Study.

Front 115

1962

Back 115

"A Choice Theory of Planning," seminal article in AIP Journal by Paul Davidoff and Thomas Reiner, lays basis for advocacy planning concept.

Front 116

1962

Back 116

Rachel Carson's book, Silent Spring is published and wakes the nation to the deleterious effects of pesticides on animal, plant and human life

Front 117

1962

Back 117

The Fairfax County Board of Supervisors establishes Virginia's first residential planned community zone, clearing the way for the creation of Reston, a full-scale, self-contained New Town 18 miles from Washington, D.C.

Front 118

1963

Back 118

Columbia, Maryland, a new town situated about halfway between Washington and Baltimore, featuring some class integration and the neighborhood principle

Front 119

1964

Back 119

T.J. Kent publishes The Urban General Plan

Front 120

1964

Back 120

Civil Rights Act outlaws discrimination based on race, creed, and national origin in places of public accommodation.

Front 121

1964

Back 121

The Federal Bulldozer by Martin Anderson indicts then-current urban renewal program
as counterproductive to its professed aims of increased low- and middle-income
housing supply. With Herbert Gans's The Urban Villagers (1962), a study of the consequences for community life in a Boston West End Italian-American community, contributes to a change in urban policy.

Front 122

1965

Back 122

A White House Conference on Natural Beauty in America is convened on May 24 and 25, owing much to the interest and advocacy of the First Lady, Lady Bird Johnson

Front 123

1965

Back 123

Housing and urban policy achieve cabinet status when the Housing and Home Finance Agency is succeeded by the Department of Housing and Urban Development. Robert Weaver becomes HUD's first Secretary and nation's first African-American cabinet member.

Front 124

1965

Back 124

Congress passes the Water Resources Management Act authorizing Federal-Multistate river basin commissions.

Front 125

1965

Back 125

The Public Work and Economic Development Act passes Congress. This act establishes the Economic Development Administration to extend coordinated, multifaceted aid to lagging regions and foster their redevelopment

Front 126

1965

Back 126

The Appalachian Regional Planning Act establishes a region comprising all of West Virginia and parts of 12 other states, plus a planning commission with the power to frame plans and allocate resources.

Front 127

1965

Back 127

John Reps publishes The Making of Urban America, the first comprehensive history of American urban planning beginning with colonial times

Front 128

1966

Back 128

The Demonstration Cities and Metropolitan Development Act launched the "model cities" program, an interdisciplinary attack on urban blight and poverty. A centerpiece of President Lyndon Johnson's "Great Society" program

Front 129

1966

Back 129

With Heritage So Rich, a seminal historic preservation book, is published.

Front 130

1966

Back 130

National Historic Preservation Act passed. Establishes the National Register of Historic
Places and provides, through its Section 106, for the protection of preservation-worthy sites and properties threatened by federal activities. This act also creates the national Advisory Council on Historic Preservation and directs that each state appoint a State Historic Preservation Officer (SHPO)

Front 131

1966

Back 131

Section 4(f) of the Department of Transportation Act provides protection to parkland,
wildlife refuges, and other preservation-worthy resources in building national roads. Unlike parkland and wildlife refuges, however, privately owned historic sites as well as those in public ownership are protected by Section 4(f).

Front 132

1967

Back 132

The "(Louis B.) Wetmore Amendment" drops the final phrase in the 1938 AIP declaration of purpose which tied it to the comprehensive arrangement and regulation of land use. The effect is to broaden the scope and membership of the profession by
including "social planners" as well as "physical planners."

Front 133

1968

Back 133

To implement Intergovernmental Relations Act of 1968 the Office of Management and Budget issues Circular A-95 requiring state and substate regional clearinghouses to review and comment on federally assisted projects to facilitate coordination among the three levels of government.

Front 134

1968

Back 134

Jones vs Mayer - Arose when the developer of a suburban St. Louis subdivision refused to sell Joseph Jones a home because he was black.

This case decided by the 8th Circuit Court rules that racial barriers cannot affect the acquisition of property.

Front 135

1969

Back 135

Ian McHarg publishes Design with Nature, tying planning to the natural environment

Front 136

1969

Back 136

National Environmental Policy Act requires an "environmental impact statement" for every federal or federally aided state or local major action that might significantly harm the environment.

Front 137

1970

Back 137

First "Earth Day," January 1.

Front 138

1970

Back 138

Federal Environment Protection Agency established to administer main provisions of the Clean Air Act.

Front 139

1970

Back 139

The Miami Valley (Ohio) Regional Planning Commission Housing Plan is adopted, the first such plan in the nation to allocate low- and moderate-income housing on a "fair share" basis

Front 140

1971

Back 140

Citizens to Preserve Overton Park vs. Volpe - This case established hard look doctrine for environmental impact review. Section 4(f) DOT Act of 1966 - park use ok if no "feasible and prudent" alternative and "all possible planning to minimize harm".

Front 141

1971

Back 141

James vs. Valtierra - Upheld an amendment to the California Constitution mandating a referendum on all housing projects because an intent to racially discriminate could not be found.

Front 142

1972

Back 142

Coastal Zone Management Act adopted.

Front 143

1972

Back 143

General revenue sharing inaugurated under the U.S. State and Local Fiscal Assistance Act.

Front 144

1972

Back 144

In Golden v. Planning Board of Ramapo, New York high court allows the use of performance criteria as a means of slowing community growth.

Front 145

1972

Back 145

Just vs. Marinette County - This case significantly integrated public trust theories into a modern regulatory scheme. Shoreland zoning ordinance along navigable streams and other water bodies upheld.

Front 146

1972

Back 146

Sierra Club vs. Morton - This case opened up environmental citizen suits to discipline the resource agencies.

Front 147

1972

Back 147

Demolition of St. Louis's notorious Pruitt-Igoe Project symbolizes a nationwide move away from massive, isolating, high-rise structures to a more humane form of public housing architecture: low-rise, less isolated, dispersed.

Front 148

1973

Back 148

Endangered Species Act. Authorized Federal assistance to state and local jurisdictions to establish conservation programs for endangers plant and animal species.

Front 149

1974

Back 149

The Housing and Community Development Act replaces the categorical grant with the block grant as the principal form of federal aid for local community development.

Front 150

1974

Back 150

Village of Belle Terre vs. Boraas - In this case the US Supreme Court rules that limiting residents of housing units to related individuals was a legitimate use of the police power, eliminating many fundamental civil rights challenges to local regulations.

Front 151

1975

Back 151

Sonoma vs. Petaluma - US 4th Circuit found that quotas on the annual number of building permits issued was a constitutional use of the police power.

Front 152

1975

Back 152

Southern Burlington NAACP vs. Township of Mt Laurel - In this case, the NJ Supreme Court struck down an exclusionary zoning ordinance adopted by Mount Laurel which prevented the construction of affordable housing.

Front 153

1975

Back 153

Cleveland Policy Plan Report shifts emphasis from traditional land-use planning to advocacy planning

Front 154

1976

Back 154

City of Eastlake vs. Forest City Enterprises - In this case the US Supreme Court ruled that a mandate that all rezonings be subject to referendum is constitutional because no intent to discriminate could be found.

Due process clause of the 14th Amendment.

Front 155

1976

Back 155

Hills vs. Dorothy Gautreaux - As a result of this case, the Chicago Housing Authority and HUD had to spread out concentration of public housing (scattered site housing), including into white suburbs that were not necessarily within Chicago. Argued under the Civil Rights Act of 1964.

Front 156

1976

Back 156

Associated Homebuilders of Greater East Bay vs. City of Livermore - In this case, the California Supreme Court found that temporary moratoria on building permit issuance was constitutional.

As a result, courts have begun to rule favorably on the use of capital improvement controls as a method for controlling land development, especially if they are linked to a planning process.

Front 157

1976

Back 157

Young vs. American Mini Theaters, Inc. - In this case the Supreme Court upheld a zoning provision mandating the decentralization of sexually oriented businesses based on studies showing a detriment to society as a result of clustering.

Front 158

1976

Back 158

Historic Preservation Fund established.

Front 159

1977

Back 159

UDAG - Authorized under ____ amendments to the 1974 Housing and Community Development Act. Promoted public-private partnerships for redevelopment of urban areas. Required intergovernmental cooperation. Cut funding for 701 comprehensive planning program.

Front 160

1977

Back 160

Village of Arlington Heights vs. Metropolitan Housing Development Corp

Front 161

1978

Back 161

Penn Central Transportation Co. v. City of New York: U.S. Supreme Court upholds New York City's Landmark Preservation Law as applied to Grand Central Terminal. In this landmark decision, the Court found that barring some development of air rights was not a taking when the interior of the property could be put to lucrative use.

Front 162

1978

Back 162

Tennessee Valley Authority vs. Hill (Sec. of Interior) - This case created the modern Endangered Species Act, which protects designated species. Halted the Tellico Dam, which was almost completely built, because the endangered Snail Darter - a fish - was found.

Front 163

1978

Back 163

American Institute of Planners (AIP) and American Society of Planning Officials (ASPO) merge to become American Planning Association (APA).

Front 164

1980

Back 164

Superfund Bill passed by Congress (Comprehensive Response, Compensation and Liability Act). Creates liability for persons discharging hazardous waste into the environment. Taxes polluting industries to establish a trust fund for the cleanup of polluted sites in cases where individual responsibility is not ascertainable.

Front 165

1980

Back 165

Agins vs. City of Tiburon - This case made clear that a regulation that is not reasonably related to the police power and causes a property to lose all economic value constitutes a taking.

Front 166

1980

Back 166

The Associated Collegiate Schools of Planning (ACSP) is established to represent the academic branch of the planning profession.

Front 167

1981

Back 167

Metromedia vs. City of San Diego - This case overturned an ordinance because it effectively banned non-commercial signs. The US Supreme Court held that neither commercial nor non-commercial speech can be favored over the other.

Front 168

1981

Back 168

In a case focusing on Mt. Laurel, New Jersey, the New Jersey Supreme Court rules that all 567 municipalities in the state must build their "fair share" of affordable housing. A precedent-setting blow against racial segregation

Front 169

1982

Back 169

Loretto vs. Teleprompter Manhattan CATV Corp. - US Supreme Court confirms that a physical invasion of a property is a taking.

Front 170

1984

Back 170

City Council vs. Taxpayers for Vincent - In this case, the US Supreme Court upheld a regulation that banned the attaching of signs to utility poles. The Court found that the regulation met all the tests mentioned under Central Hudson (1980).

Front 171

1984

Back 171

Construction begins on Seaside, Florida, one of the earliest examples of the New Urbanism. (Andres Duany and Elizabeth Plater-Zyberk). Unlike most earlier planned communities, the New Urbanism emphasizes urban features -- compactness, walkability, mixed use -- and promotes a nostalgic architectural style reminiscent of the traditional urban neighborhood. The movement has links to the anti-sprawl, smart growth movement

Front 172

1985

Back 172

City of Cleburne vs. Cleburne Living Center - In this case, the US Supreme Court ruled that an ordinance that treats different groups unequally, but does not involve a fundamental right or group that gained protection under Village of Arlington Heights (1977) merely needs to pass a rational basis test. (In this case, the ordinance failed the rational basis test.)

Front 173

1985

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Williamson County Regional Planning Commission vs. Hamilton Bank - This case defined the ripeness doctrine for judicial review of takings claims.

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1986

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SARA- Amendments to CERCLA stressed remedies and treatment, more enforcement tools, added state involvement, focus on human health and citizen participation, increased trust fund to 8.5 billion

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1986

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City of Renton vs. Playtime Theaters - In this case, the US Supreme Court allowed a zoning ordinance limiting sexually-oriented businesses to 5% of the municipal land area to stand based on a study conducted on the negative effects the business type has on surrounding areas.

Front 176

1987

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Nollan vs. California Coastal Commission - In this case, the US Supreme Court found that land-use restrictions, to be valid, must be tied directly to a specific public purpose. The Court found that the requirement by the CCC was a taking in violation of the 5th and 14th Amendments.

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1987

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In First English Evangelical Lutheran Church v. County of Los Angeles, U.S. Supreme Court finds that even a temporary taking requires compensation. In Nollan v. California Coastal Commission, it finds that land-use restrictions, to be valid, must be tied directly to a specific public purpose.

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1989

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The Planning Accreditation Board (PAB) is recognized by the Washington-based Council on Post Secondary Education to be the sole accrediting agency in the field of professional planning education

Front 179

1990

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National Affordable Housing Act of ____. Created HOME program, which provides funds for housing rehab

Front 180

1991

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Passage of Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act (ISTEA) includes provisions for a National Scenic Byways Program and for transportation enhancements, each of which includes a historic preservation component.

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1992

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In Lucas v. South Carolina Coastal Council, the U.S. Supreme Court limits local and state governments' ability to restrict private property without compensation.

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1992

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Hope VI grant program provided funds for the redevelopment of severely distressed public housing. Allowed for demolition of public housing and construction of new. Deconcentrates public housing.

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1993

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Enterprise Zone/Empowerment Community (EZ/EC) proposal signed into law. Aims tax incentives, wage tax credits, special deductions, and low-interest financing to a limited number of impoverished urban and rural communities to jumpstart their economic and social recovery.

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1994

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In Dolan v. City of Tigard, the U.S. Supreme Court rules that a jurisdiction must show that there is a "rough proportionality " between the adverse impacts of a proposed development and the exactions it wishes to impose on the developer.

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1994

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North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) among U.S., Canada and Mexico begins on January 1, its purpose to foster trade and investment among the three nations by removing or lowering non-tariff as well as tariff barriers.

Front 186

1994

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City of Ladue vs. Gilleo - In this case, the Supreme Court ruled that the display of a sign by a homeowner was protected by the 1st amendment under freedom of speech.

Front 187

1995

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Babbitt vs. Sweet Home Chap. of Communities for a Great OR - This case applied the Endangered Species Act to land development; Sec. of Interior's definition of harm is valid.

Front 188

1996

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Telecommunications Act - allowed for greater competition in the telecommunications industry. It impacted local land use by requiring telecommunications towers be permitted wherever a gap in coverage is found, and prohibits local consideration of health effects in permitting decisions.

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1998

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Bormann vs. Board of Supervisors - In this case, the Iowa Supreme Court struck down "right-to-farm" legislation ruling that is was 1) an unequal application of law and 2) an indirect de facto taking of abutting non-farm properties.

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2002

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Sierra vs. Tahoe - In this case, the US Supreme Court ruled that a temporary building moratorium for the purpose of conducting planning studies to protect the public health, safety, welfare, and morals is a legitimate use of police power and does not constitute a taking of any kind.

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2005

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Kelo vs. City of New London - In this case, the US Supreme Court upheld the decades-old practice of utilizing urban redevelopment and eminent domain for economic development purposes when such actions are backed by a redevelopment plan that underwent a full plan development process.

This was a controversial decision, and in response, many states passed laws or constitutional amendments to make it more difficult for state governments to seize private land.

Front 192

2005

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Lingle vs. Chevron - The US Supreme Court overturned the troublesome "substantial advancement" test established in Agins vs. City of Tiburon (1980)?

Front 193

2005

Back 193

Rancho Palos Verdes vs. Abrams - In this case, the US Supreme Court ruled that zoning review under the Telecommunications Act does not include monetary damages or a lengthy review period.

Front 194

2006

Back 194

Massachusetts vs. EPA - The court found that the EPA must provide a reasonable justification for why they would not regulate greenhouse gases.

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2006

Back 195

Rapanos vs. United States - The court found that the Army Corp of Engineers must determine whether there is a significant nexus between a wetland and a navigable waterway. This pulled back the ACOE's jurisdiction regarding wetlands.