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105 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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First national planning conference
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National Conference on City Planning and Congestion Relief
Washington, DC 1909 |
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First city planning course taught
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Harvard's Landscape Architecture Department
1909 |
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First formal instruction in city planning below college level
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Wacker's Manual of the Plan of Chicago
by Walter Moody 1912 |
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First major textbook on city planning
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Carrying Out the City Plan
by Flavel Shurtleff 1914 |
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American City Planning Institute of Planners (ACIP) founded
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1917
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First president of American City Planning Institute of Planners
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Frederick Law Olmstead, Jr
1917 |
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American City Planning Institute of Planners renamed to American Institute of Planners
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1939
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First issues of City Planning publication (predecessor to JAPA)
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1925
Published by ACIP and National Conference on City Planning |
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American Society of Planning Officials (ASPO) founded
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1934
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American Institute of Planners adopted a Code of Ethics
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1971
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First membership exam for American Institute of Planners
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1977
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American Planning Association created
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1978
Through merger of American Institute of Planners and American Society of Planning Officials |
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First issues of Journal of Planning Education and Research published
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1981
by Association of Collegiate Schools of Planning |
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First land use zoning restriction on the location of obnoxious uses
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San Francisco
1867 |
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First local civic center plan in the US
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Cleveland
1903 Created by Daniel Burnham, John Carrere, and Arnold Brunner |
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First major American city to apply the City Beautiful principles
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San Francisco
1906 Using a plan developed by Daniel Burnham |
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First town planning board
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1907
Hartford, CT |
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First metropolitan regional plan (for Chicago)
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1909
Daniel Burnham |
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First state to pass enabling legislation
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1909
Wisconsin |
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First city to use land use zoning to guide development
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1909
Los Angeles, CA |
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First full-time employee for a city planning commission
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1914
Newark, NJ Harland Bartholomew |
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First comprehensive zoning code adopted
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1916
New York City Written by Edward Bassett |
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First regional planning commission formed
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1922
Los Angeles County |
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When was the Standard State Zoning Enabling Act issued?
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1924
by Secretary Herbert Hoover of the US Department of Commerce |
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First major US city to adopt a comprehensive plan
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1925
Cincinnati, OH Produced by Alfred Bettman and Ladislas Segoe |
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Standard City Planning Enabling Act released
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1928
by Secretary Herbert Hoover of the US Department of Commerce |
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Creation of the US National Planning Board (later named National Resources Planning Board)
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1933
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Abolishment of the National Resources Planning Board
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1943
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First federally supported public housing constructed
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1934
Cleveland |
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First state to introduce state-wide zoning
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1961
Hawaii |
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This book examined life in the slums and resulted in housing reform in New York City
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How the Other Half Lives
Jacob Riis 1890 |
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This book initiated the Garden City movement
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Tomorrow: A Peaceful Path to Real Reform
Ebenezer Howard 1898 |
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This book was adopted as a textbook for eighth graders in Chicago
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Wacker's Manual of the Plan of Chicago
Walter Moody 1912 |
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This book is about regional planning
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Cities in Evolution
Patrick Geddes 1915 |
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Who wrote Planning of the Modern City
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Nelson Lewis
1916 |
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This book was the first in the "Green Book Series"
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Local Planning Administration
Ladislas Segoe 1941 |
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Who wrote Urban Land Use Planning
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F. Stuart Chapin
1957 |
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This book defines basic concepts within the city such as paths, edges and nodes
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Image of the City
Kevin Lynch 1960 |
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This book is a critical look at planners and planning with a special focus on the mistakes of urban renewal
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The Death and Life of Great American Cities
Jane Jacobs 1961 |
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This book focuses on the negative effects of pesticides on the environment
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Silent Spring
Rachel Carlson 1962 |
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Who wrote The Urban General Plan
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1964
TJ Kent |
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A seminal book in historic preservation
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With Heritage so Rich
1966 Edited by Alfred Reins |
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This book focuses on conservation design and ties planning to the natural environment
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Design with Nature
Ian McHarg 1969 |
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This book promotes the use of environmental psychology and sociology in urban design
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The Social Life of Small Urban Spaces
William Whyte 1980 |
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This person created the NY Housing Authority, and published a book that criticized the US policies surrounding slum clearance, urban renewal, and public housing
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Charles Abrams
Book: The City is the Frontier, 1965 |
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This person was the secretary of the Garden City Association and developed a number of garden cities in England, including Letchworth of which he was the first manager
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Thomas Adams
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This person was an advocate of community organizing and organized Chicago's poor in the late 1930s and 1940s. Published a book that encourages the poor to get involved in American Democracy and a book on rules for community organizing
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Saul Alinsky
Reveille for Radicals, 1946 Rules for Radicals, 1971(?) |
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This book is about encouraging those who are poor to become involved in American Democracy
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Reveille for Radicals
Saul Alinsky 1946 |
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This book outlines 13 rules for community organizing
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Rules for Radicals
Saul Alinsky 1971 |
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This article in JAPA was about levels of involvement by citiens depending on the form of participation utilized
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"A Ladder of Citizen Participation"
Sherry Arnstein 1969 |
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This person was an important figure in NYC's public works between the 1930s and 1950s. He expanded the state park system and built numerous parkways as well as playgrounds, highways, bridges, tunnels, and public housing
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Robert Moses
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This person worked on the greenbelt cities program in the US and served as the head of the Resettlement Administration
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Rexford Tugwell
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This person was an English town planner and designer and designed Letchworth and other garden cities.
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Sir Raymond Unwin
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This person worked to reform housing policy; was influential in the passage of the Housing Act of 1937; and wrote Modern Housing
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Catherine Bauer Wurster
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This planning movement used the expression of moral and civic virtue to address issues of severe poverty, crime, and blight. Daniel Burnham was a key figure during this movement. The movement led to the creation of Beaux-Arts style civic centers. Examples of this movement include the White City in Chicago and the McMillan Plan for Washington, DC
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City Beautiful Movement
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Garden City
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32,000 people
6,000 acres 30,000 people would live on 1,000 acres and the rest of the land and population would be in farming areas. England examples: Letchworth and Welwyn. Influenced the US New Town Movement - Radburn, NJ; Gardendale, WI; Greenhills, OH; Greenbelt, MD |
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First garden city in America
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Radburn, NJ
1928 Designed by Clarence Stein and Henry Wright |
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What is the New Town Program
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Established in 1935 under the Rural Resettlement Administration within the Department of Agriculture under President Roosevelt
Developed three green belt towns: Greendale, WI; Greenhills, OH; and Greenbelt, MD |
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Land Ordinance of 1785
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First standard for the subdivision of land
Provided for the rectangular land survey of the Old Northwest. Provided a way to systematically divide and distribute land to the public |
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Homestead Act of 1862
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Provided 160 acres of land to settlers for a fee of $18 and guaranteed 5 years of residence. Resulted in the settlement of 270 million acres (10% of the land area of the US)
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General Land Law Revision Act of 1891
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Provided the President of the US the power to create forest preserves by proclamation
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Forest Management Act of 1897
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Allowed the Secretary of the Interior to manage forest preserves
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US Reclamation Act of 1902
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Allowed the funds raised from the sale of public land in arid states to be used to construct water storage and irrigation systems
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Public Lands Commission
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Appointed in in 1903 by President Theodore Roosevelt to propose rules for land development and management
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Antiquities Act of 1906
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First law to provide federal protection for archaeological sites. Allowed for the designation of National Monuments
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Resettlement Act of 1935
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Formed to carry out experiments in population resettlement and land reform. Resulted in the development of three "greenbelt towns"
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Serviceman's Readjustment Act of 1944
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AKA, GI Bill. Guaranteed home loans to veterans and resulted in the rapid development of suburbs
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Concentric Circle Theory of Urban Development
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Ernest Burgess, 1925
Cities grow in a series of outward rings from the city center; Land use is based on the distance from downtown. Five rings in the theory: CBD, industrial, transition zone (mixed industrial and low-income housing), workingmen's homes, and high-class residential. |
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Sector Theory of Urban Development
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Homer Hoyt, 1939
Believed land uses vary based on transportation routes and the city was a series of sectors radiating out from the center of the city |
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Multiple Nuclei Theory of Urban Development
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Harris and Ullman, 1945
Cities develop a series of specific land use nuclei that are formed because of accessibility to natural resources, clustering of similar uses, land prices, and the repelling power of land uses |
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Central Place Theory of Urban Development
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Walter Christaller, 1933
Explains the size and spacing of cities. Theory states that there is a minimum market threshold to bring a firm to a city and there is a maximum range people are willing to travel to receive goods and services. |
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Seven Theories of Planning Practice
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Rational; Incremental; Mixed Scanning; Advocacy; Transactive; Radical; Communicative
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Rational Planning Theory
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Originates from the idea of the "rational man" who always maximizes his utility or satisfaction. Applies the concepts of the scientific method to city planning - (1) set goals; (2) determine alternatives; (3) evaluate alternatives; (4) chose an alternative; (5) implement the alternative; (6) evaluate. Dominant planning theory through the 1950s.
Criticism: can only work when the problem is easily defined and there is a best solution. Does not work with "wicked" problems. Also, doesn't specify who sets the goals. |
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Incremental Planning Theory
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First introduced in Charles Lindblom's "The Science of Muddling Through". Suggests that planning is piece meal, opportunistic, and pragmatic. The planning process is focused on solving existing problems rather than achieving a desired future state. Reactive changes to policy or zoning ordinances is an example of incremental planning.
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This book introduced the concept of incrementalism and argues that people make their plans and decisions in an incremental manner.
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The Science of Muddling Through
by Charles Lindblom 1959 |
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Mixed Scanning Planning Theory
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Introduced by Amitai Etzioni; compromise between rational and incremental planning theories. Planning decision at two levels: big picture and small picture. Example: comprehensive plan would use rational approach and implementation would use incremental approach. Assumes there is a centralized decision-making process.
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Advocacy Planning Theory
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Developed by Paul Davidoff in 1960s. Theory focuses on representation of interest groups within a community. Believed that the public interest, or "good of the whole" resulted in inadequate representation for many groups in planning. Argued for plans that represent the various interest groups, resulting in plural plans for public consideration. Planner would still use rational or incremental approach to planning; just changed for WHOM the planner was planning.
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Who is Norman Krumholz?
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Adopted equity planning in Cleveland during the 1970s and helped make the needs of its low-income groups the highest priority. Krumholz's idea is that planners should work to redistribute power, resources, and participation away from the elite and toward the poor and working class.
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Transactive Planning Theory
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John Friedman, 1973
Retracking America Developed in the 1970s as a way to get the public involved in the planning process. Process of "mutual learning" where the planner shares technical knowledge while the citizen provides community knowledge. Planner meets with many people in the community to devleop a plan. Criticism: time-consuming; how to evaluate the importance of each person's community knowledge; cannot work where there are large differences in opinion or many stakeholders |
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Communicative Planning Theory
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Recognizes that planning operates in the realm of politics and that there are many stakeholders. Tries to use a rational model as a basis for bringing mutual understanding among all stakeholders and brings people together to discuss issues. Shift to where planner acts as a facilitator - listening and forging consensus.
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First American suburb
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Riverside, Illinois
Designed by Frederick Law Olmstead and Calvert Vaux Defining suburban elements: curvilinear streets & connected to central city by railroad |
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Pullman, Illinois
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George Pullman
"Industrial Town" Planned Community |
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First garden city
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Letchworth, England
1903 |
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First "tract home" subdivisions
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Levittown, NY and Park Forest, IL
1947 |
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Post-war New Town subdivisions
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Reston, VA (1962)
Columbia, MD (1963) |
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What is unique about Reston, VA?
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Master-planned post-war new town
A place where people could live, work, and play |
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What is unique about Columbia, MD?
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Master-planned post-war new town
A complete and diverse community |
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Main figures in Advocacy Planning
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Paul Davidoff - "father" of Advocacy Planning
Saul Alinsky - empowering the people in planning (Radical) Norm Krumholz - equity planning |
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Radical Planning
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Giving planning power to the people; people are responsible for planning their community or neighborhood
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This planner drafted Ohio's state enabling legislation, wrote Cincinnati's first comprehensive plan, and was a key person in establishing the constitutionality of zoning in Euclid v Ambler Realty
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Alfred Bettman
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This person designed the plan for Washington, DC
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Pierre Charles L'Enfant
1791 |
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Who wrote The Culture of Cities
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Lewis Mumford
1938 |
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Who designed Central Park?
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Frederick Law Olmstead, Sr
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Who designed Riverside, IL?
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Frederick Law Olmstead, Sr
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Who is the father of the Neighborhood Unit Concept?
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Clarence Perry
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What is the neighborhood unit concept?
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a self-contained residential area, bound by major streets with shops at the intersections and a school in the middle.
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What is the name of the early model railroad company town?
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Pullman, IL
Designed by George Pullman |
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Who wrote Children of the Poor?
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Jacob Riis
1892 |
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First downtown pedestrian mall in US?
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Kalamazoo Mall, Michigan
1956 |
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First national park in the US?
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Yellowstone
1872 |
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Who is the "father of the city beautiful movement"?
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Daniel Burnham
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Who is the "father of zoning"?
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Edward Bassett
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Who is the "father of planning"?
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Alfred Bettman
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This act confirmed the states' authority to delegate police power to municipalities to enact local zoning ordinances
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Standard State Zoning Enabling Act, 1926 (SZEA)
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This act outlined the powers of municipal planning commissions and required the adoption of a master plan by local governing bodies
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Standard City Planning Enabling Act, 1928
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