Plankton & Algae

Front 1

two main groups of plankton

Back 1

1. phytoplankton
2. zooplankton

Front 2

phytoplankton

Back 2

-can photosynthesize
-part of kingdom PROTISTA

Front 3

zooplankton

Back 3

-heterotrophs
-part of kingdom ANIMALIA

Front 4

holoplankton

Back 4

are plankton their entire lives
ex: all phytoplankton, some zooplankton

Front 5

meroplakton

Back 5

plankton for only part of their life
ex: many zooplankton, for example invertebrates and fish larvae

Front 6

gelatinous

Back 6

-helps with floating
-high water content

Front 7

anti-predator methods

Back 7

1. vertical migrations
2. transparency
3. bioluminescence
4. bristles & spines
5. chemical defenses

Front 8

vertical migrations

Back 8

up/down to avoid light and being seen

Front 9

all phytoplankton fall into what kingdom?

Back 9

Protista
-because they are UNICELLULAR

Front 10

two most important types of phytoplankton

Back 10

1. diatoms
2. dinoflagellates

Front 11

diatoms

Back 11

-dominant in cold temperate waters
-when they die they are concentrated into large deposits called diatomaceous earth

Front 12

what human items are diatoms used for?

Back 12

polishes, insulating materials, and filters

Front 13

what is domoic acid, what produces it and what does it do to organisms?

Back 13

it is a potent toxin created by plankton
-it collects in shellfish & other organisms that eat plankton
-it can kill humans and marine animals that eat the shellfish

Front 14

dinoflagellates

Back 14

-dominant in warmer waters
-some can bioluminesce
-not all dinoflagellates are plankton
-different species can cause red tides & ciguatera

Front 15

ciguatera

Back 15

-caused by bottom dwelling dinos
-causes more human illness than any other seafood toxicity
-mainly found in tropics and subtropics
-dinos that live attached to algae cause it
-the fish eats the algae, humans eat fish causing bioaccumulation

Front 16

how many people get ciguatera each year?

Back 16

hundreds of thousands

Front 17

where does the name ciguatera come from?

Back 17

the spanish word for Caribbean snail

Front 18

which 2 terrestrial animals are highly sensitive to ciguatera, so make good indicators of the fish you just caught?

Back 18

cats and mongooses

Front 19

which kingdom is marine marcoalgae in and why?

Back 19

it belongs to kingdom Protista
-because although it is more advanced than unicellular algae, they still lack complex structures and reproductive mechanisms of terrestrial plants

Front 20

what makes macroalgae different from terrestrial plants?

Back 20

they lack true roots, stems and leaves
-can be figmentous, upright and encrusting

Front 21

holdfast

Back 21

anchor only, no absorption of nutrients

Front 22

stipe

Back 22

provides flexible support
-takes part in p/s

Front 23

pneumatocysts

Back 23

gas filled sacks
-provide floatation

Front 24

thallus

Back 24

entire body
-all can p/s

Front 25

division

Back 25

the plant word for the phylum category

Front 26

what is the classification of marine plants dependent on?

Back 26

-their accessory pigments (color)

Front 27

what is the main p/s pigment in ALL algae?

Back 27

chlorophyll a

Front 28

why are marine algae found at different depths?

Back 28

-different algae absorb different wavelengths of light

Front 29

what are the two most important elements for the growth of marine algae?

Back 29

1. Nitrogen (N)
2. Phosphorus (P)

Front 30

Chlorophyta

Back 30

-green algae
-ancestors of land plants
-they produce starch, therefore are in the youngest division of algae
-found in the shallowest of the 3 division of algae
ex: codium & ulva

Front 31

Phaeophyta

Back 31

-brown algae
-dominate temperate & rocky coasts like ours
-found in mid-depths
-produce algin
ex: giant kelp

Front 32

what algae produces iodine?

Back 32

Giant kelp

Front 33

algin

Back 33

thickening agent
-works as a stabilizer and emulsifier in foods like ice cream, textiles, cosmetics, etc, used in making rubber products, paint and paper

Front 34

rhodophyta

Back 34

-red algae
-oldest division of algae
-found deepest relative to other algae divisions
-produce carageenan & agar

Front 35

carageenan

Back 35

emulsifier, found in shampoos, ice crea, and many processed foods

Front 36

agar

Back 36

plates to culture bacteria
-in gel capsules
-dental impression material
-base for certain cosmetics
-forms jellies
-used in low-cal foods

Front 37

what and who uses ULVA

Back 37

-hawaii
-eaten in salads

Front 38

what and who uses ENTEROMORPHA & GRACILARIA

Back 38

-hawaii
-eaten

Front 39

what and who uses PURPLE LAVER

Back 39

British Isles
-made into cakes

Front 40

what and who uses IRISH MOSS

Back 40

Canada, New England, Europe
-made into deserts

Front 41

what and who uses LAMINARIA

Back 41

Japan
-dried and used in many ways (food, tea, candy)

Front 42

what and who uses PORPHYRA

Back 42

Japan
-made into nori to wrap sushi