Plankton

Front 1

epipelagic

Back 1

-upper realm
-warmest & best lit

Front 2

Plankton

Back 2

-wanderer
-virusues

Front 3

zooplankton

Back 3

-wanderer's
-dinoflagellates

Front 4

copepod

Back 4

-small crustaceans

Front 5

holoplankton

Back 5

planktonic for entire life

Front 6

meroplankton

Back 6

-planktonic for only part of life (larvae)
ex: fish corals mollusks

Front 7

Nekton

Back 7

larger & can swim

Front 8

Anchoveta

Back 8

-small pelagic fish
-eat phytoplankton
-form enormous schools
-specialized gill razors

Front 9

picophytoplankton

Back 9

fraction of plankton composed by cells
primary producers in gyers

Front 10

nanophytoplankton

Back 10

free floating aquatic plant

Front 11

upwelling

Back 11

-produces high nutrients
-high phytoplankton productivity

Front 12

zooplankton & anchoveta ____ up the food chain

Back 12

transfer energy

Front 13

microbial loop

Back 13

-other part of food chain
-changes organic matter, into bacteria & protozoa

Front 14

Ocean Gryes

Back 14

-low nutrients
-lots of light
-stable temps
-5 mains ones

Front 15

Phytoplankton production

Back 15

-driven by nutrient
-high nutrients
-lots of zooplankton
-good for tuna, mackerel, birds, marine animals

Front 16

Senses in Fish-5

Back 16

vision
sound & vibration
equilibrium & balance
electrical feilds
olfaction

Front 17

Lateral Line

Back 17

used to detect movement and vibrations

Front 18

Otolith

Back 18

-calcareous structures located in inner ear
-sit in fluid filled sacs w/ sensory hairs
-age growth (tree trunk)
-tool for fish ecology and management

Front 19

Ampullae of Lorenzini

Back 19

mostly located in cartilaginous fish
help sense electric fields in the water

Front 20

olfaction

Back 20

sense of smell

Front 21

schooling- 6

Back 21

-schools from for all types of fish
-mating
-motion as a group
-sight, pressure, olfaction
-protection from predators
-increase predation success

Front 22

where do nutrients come from

Back 22

-runoff
-deposition
-microbial loop

Front 23

concentration of nutrients

Back 23

-low at surface
-higher deep

Front 24

spring bloom temp. in ocean

Back 24

-winter = low light & deep mixing
-little phytoplankton growth
- cold water and high winds

Front 25

polar oceans bloom once

Back 25

light level limited until summer

Front 26

nitrogen is limiting nutrient in much of ocean

Back 26

supply of nitrogen controls primary production.

Front 27

solution to anthropogenic
carbon emissions

Back 27

add Iron (fe) to stimulate phytoplankton growth.

Front 28

problems with fe fertilization

Back 28

-modified food webs
-harmful algae blooms
-deep sea oxygen depletion

Front 29

mesopelagic

Back 29

twilight zone

Front 30

Bathypelagic

Back 30

continental slope & rise

Front 31

abyssopelagic

Back 31

abyssal plain

Front 32

hadopelagic

Back 32

trenches

Front 33

planktonic grazers

Back 33

-jelly fish
-salps
-siphonophores
-invertebrates

(more abundant in mesopelagic)

Front 34

Hatchetfish

Back 34

-reflective sides to break outline from the side
-bioluminescent photophores

Front 35

mesopelagic eyes

Back 35

upward eyes to look for prey above

Front 36

tubular eyes

Back 36

acute upwards
enhance peripheral vision

Front 37

why do organisms migrate vertically?

Back 37

-feed and spawn at surface

Front 38

distinct physiologies

Back 38

swimming ability (muscles bones swim bladder)
-swim bladder (gas filled organ)

Front 39

why do they have big mouths

Back 39

prey is scarce

Front 40

Why would organisms
produce light below the
twilight zone (i.e. the
bathypelagic)? (4)

Back 40

attract prey
attract mates
confuse predators
communicate

Front 41

Deep Ocean Floor
-Fine mud

Back 41

-worms, crustaceans, protozoa, feeding on bacteria, detritus.
-suspension feeders are rare
-low abundance of food particles

Front 42

larger animals have to travel ____distance to find food

Back 42

larger

Front 43

carcasses falling to the bottom

Back 43

whales & large fish
-attracts and supports entire community
- organisms like (bacteria, polychaete worms) specialize in colonization falls

Front 44

different sizes across ecosystem
surface:
mesoplegic:
deep pelagic:
deep sea:

Back 44

-different styles
-tough predation environment
-ambush predators, longer lives,
-very long lives, selection for larger bodes

Front 45

shape and swimming performance:

speed:
strong muscles:

Back 45

-streamlining
-elongation

-hunters, migrators

Front 46

eyes driven by need

Back 46

-to hunt fish
-avoid predators

Front 47

important in deep pelagic:

Back 47

-olfaction
-vibration & sounds

Front 48

deep sea vents

Back 48

-shoots out of rocks
-carries dissolved compounds
-bacteria in sediments

Front 49

Chemosynthesis

Back 49

-energy from inorganic chemicals to make organic matter
-metals, methane, sulfides

Front 50

Tubeworms are packed with___

Back 50

chemosynthetic bacteria
-sulfide, nutrients, CO2 to bacteria

Front 51

Tubeworms symbiotic relationship

Back 51

-live in alien environment
-high temps
-toxic sulfides and metals

Front 52

chemosynthetic bacteria supports____

Back 52

entire ecosystem,
tubeworms, crabs, fish

Front 53

relationships between
chemosynthetic
bacteria

Back 53

tubeworms, bivalves, snails, protozoa.
-wide range of environments