Planet Earth Exam 1

Front 1

The Scientific Method
1. Recognize the ___
2. Collect ___
3. Propose _____
4. Test _____
5. ___ hypothesis

Back 1

Problem
Data
Hypothesis
Hypothesis
Alter

Front 2

science = proof without ____
religion = ____ without proof

Back 2

Faith
Faith

Front 3

___ __– ideas considered
absolutely correct and if not, then the Universe as we know it would not exist.

They are true, universal, simple,
____ and ____

Back 3

Scientific Laws
absolute and eternal

Front 4

The ____ ___ for electromagnetic waves such as light is of great use in astronomy and results in either a so-called redshift or blueshift. It has been used to measure the speed at which stars and galaxies are approaching or receding from us

Back 4

Doppler effect

Front 5

_____ is defined as an increase in the wavelength of electromagnetic radiation received by a detector compared with the wavelength emitted by the source.

Back 5

Redshift

Front 6

‘Red shift’ = source is moving ___ from
Earth at very high velocity

____ lines outside our galaxy are always shifted towards RED

Back 6

away
absorption

Front 7

The Big Bang ~__._ billion yrs ago
Within 1 second, Universe expanded & cooled (__
billion degrees C) enough to allow protons and
neutrons and electrons to form

Back 7

13.7
10

Front 8

A _______ model of the universe features an Earth-centered universe, while a _______ model features a Sun centered universe

Back 8

geocentric
heliocentric

Front 9

____ planets - Mercury, Venus, Earth, and Mars
- They are too hot for ___ gases bc they are blown away by solar winds
Leaving heavy minerals
Are dense, rocky planets
Formed around 4.7 Billion years ago

Back 9

Terrestrial
light

Front 10

Gas giants, or ____ planets- Jupiter, Uranus, Saturn, Neptune, Pluto

Mostly ____ (gas) material
Small rocky cores
Mostly _ and __ and other light
elements, commonly as ice

Back 10

Jovian
volatile
H and He

Front 11

The International
Astronomical Union (IAU) states that, in the solar
system, a planet is a celestial body that:

Back 11

orbit
mass
"neighborhood"

Front 12

A non-satellite body (not orbiting around a planet) that is in orbit around the sun and has enough mass to maintain hydrostatic equilibrium is called a ___ ___.

Back 12

dwarf planet

Front 13

a ___ is the outermost solid shell of a planet or moon

Back 13

crust

Front 14

___ is the boundary between mantle and continental crust.

Back 14

Moho

Front 15

____ are the most common mineral group.

Back 15

Silicates

Front 16

____- rigid, brittle, non-flowable
outer 100-150 km
crust and top of mantle

Back 16

lithosphere

Front 17

____ - soft, ductile, flowable
between 150-350 km
mantle

Back 17

Asthenosphere

Front 18

The Earth's magnetic field, which effectively extends several tens of thousands of kilometres into space, is called the ______.

Back 18

magnetosphere

Front 19

The structure of the Earth can be defined in two ways: either _____ or by _____ properties/rheology.

Back 19

chemically
mechanical

Front 20

The solid inner core was discovered in 1936 and is generally believed to be composed primarily of ___ and some ____

Back 20

iron
nickel

Front 21

The liquid outer core surrounds the inner core and is believed to be composed of ___ mixed with ____ and trace amounts of lighter elements.

Back 21

iron
nickel

Front 22

Dynamo theory suggests that convection in the ___ core, combined with the Coriolis effect, gives rise to the Earth's magnetic field.

Back 22

outer

Front 23

Earth's mantle extends to a depth of ____km, making it the thickest layer of Earth

Back 23

2890

Front 24

The mantle is composed of ____ rocks that are rich in iron and magnesium relative to the overlying crust.

Back 24

silicate

Front 25

The thin parts of the crust are___ crust- composed of dense iron magnesium silicate rocks and underlie the ocean basins, like____

The thicker crust is ____ crust, which is less dense and composed of sodium potassium aluminium silicate rocks, like ____

Back 25

oceanic
basalt
continental
granite

Front 26

The cause of the ____ is thought to be a change in rock composition from rocks containing plagioclase feldspar (above) to rocks that contain no feldspars

Back 26

Moho

Front 27

Alfred _____
first proposed the Hypothesis
of Continental Drift

To propose, Wegener used:

1. Obvious __ _ _____
2. _____ data (glaciers, climate belts)
3. Similar _____ separated by oceans
4. Rock type and ____ similaritie
3.

Back 27

Wegener (1880-1930)
fit of continents
Paleoclimate
fossils
structural

Front 28

Earth’s rotation-->circulation of liquid iron alloy in outer core -->
creates an electric current --> generates a _____

Back 28

magnetic field

Front 29

_____: Old oceanic crust sinks under continents
into mantle in deep-sea trenches

Back 29

Subduction

Front 30

Age of oceanic crust varies with location.
• youngest crust lies along a __-___ ___
• oldest crust lies along the coasts of _____

Back 30

mid-ocean ridge
continents

Front 31

____ Boundaries-
Where new crust is
formed

Back 31

divergent

Front 32

Ocean crust – mafic (____ + ____)

Back 32

basalt + gabbro

Front 33

a ____is a place where the Earth's crust and lithosphere are being pulled apart

Most rifts occur along the central axis of a___ __ ___ , where new oceanic crust and lithosphere is created along a divergent boundary between two tectonic plates.

Back 33

rift
mid-ocean ridge

Front 34

A volcanic ___ is a chain of volcanic islands or mountains formed by plate tectonics as an oceanic tectonic plate subducts under another tectonic plate and produces magma.

Back 34

arc

Front 35

Two types of arcs:

1. ___ arcs - commonly called island arcs, oceanic crust subducts beneath other oceanic crust on an adjacent plate

2. _____ arcs - oceanic crust subducts beneath continental crust

Back 35

oceanic
continental

Front 36

___ ___ is the rock type typically formed when lava emerges from an underwater volcanic vent or a lava flow enters the ocean. can also form when lava is erupted beneath thick ___ __.

Back 36

Pillow lava
glacial ice

Front 37

oceanic crust is seldom more than ___ million years old

Back 37

200

Front 38

A mid-ocean ridge demarcates the boundary between two tectonic plates, and consequently is termed a ___ plate boundary.

Back 38

divergent