Planet Earth

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formed at the same time as other membersnof the solar system

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Nebula Theory

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major planetsnofnthe earth

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atmosphere, hydrosphere,geosphere

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percent of the planet covered with water

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70.8%

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percent composed with land

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29.2%

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water sphere

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hydrosphere

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crucial element ofnthe climate system as it serves as key indicator for climate change

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cyrosphere

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average depth of an ocean

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3.7km

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layer that includes the planet's interior structure, rocks, minerals, landforms and the process that shapes it surface

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geosphere

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earth is like a grape that contracted into raisin due to cooling process that iccured on earth after Bigbang

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Raisin Theory

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proposed the term isostacy

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Clarence Edward Dutton

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wherever equilibrium exists in Earth's surface equal must underlie equal surface areas

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Isostacy

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term derived from greek word tekton which means carpenter

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Tectonic

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massive irregular slabs of solid rock that envelope the surface of the earth

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Tectonic Plates

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Theatrum Orbis Terrarum

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Abraham Ortelius, May 20, 1570

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proposed the continental drift theory

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Alfred Wegener

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supercontinent which predated to Pangea

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Rodinia

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Pangea break up in to two smaller supercontinent

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Laurasia, Gondwanaland

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two basic types of lithospheric plates

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continental and oceanic lithosphere

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solid ground

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continental crust

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when platforms are connected with basement rock

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Cratons

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edges of craton

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continental margins

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made of heavier basalt and gabbro rocks

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oceanic crust

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a mountain the opens downward to a reservoir of molten rock

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volcano

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process of phenomena associated with the surficial discharge of molten rock

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volcanism

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where the earthquake originates

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hypocenter (focus)

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the point on the earth surface directlynabove focus

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epicenter

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a crack across which the rocks have been offset first

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fault

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area where fault occurs

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fault plane

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a line which maybe visible or not that occurs on earths surface

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fault trace

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block of crust above the the fault

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hanging wall

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block of crust below the fault

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footwall

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a fault in which the hanging wall.moves down relative to the footwall as a resultnof extension

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normal fault

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a thrust fault. hanging wall moves up to relative to the footwall as a result of compression

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reverse fault

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two blocks of crust slide past each other

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strike slip fault

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two classifications of seismic waves

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surface and body waves

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waves tjat travel below the surface of the earth

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body waves

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travel fastest at a speed between 4-8km/s and can only travel through all materials

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P-waves

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usually travels at 2.5-4km/s and can only travel through solid materials

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s or shear waves

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shake the ground in the direction they're propagating

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p waves

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shake the ground perpendicularly

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s waves

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can only travel along the surface

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surface waves

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move transverse to the direction of the propagation but with no vertical motion

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Love waves

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ground roll; cause rock particles to move upward, up backward, and down

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rayleigh waves

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Elastic Rebound Theory

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Harry Fielding Reid

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common type of earthquakes, driven by sudden release of energy

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tectonic earthquake

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phenomenon that often occurs in volcanic regions

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volcanic earthquake

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after a volcanic activity

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volcanic tectonic earthquake

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after a volcanic eruption

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long period volcanic earthquake

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seismic waves produced from explosion of rocks; small earthquakes

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Collapse earthquake

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detonation of chemicals or nuclear devices

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explosion earthquake

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scientific study of earthquakes

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seismology

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size of the earthquake

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mahnitude

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measures the enrgy released

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intensity

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who invented the Mercalli Scale

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Giuseppe Mercalli in 1902

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used to measure intensity

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mercalli scale

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used to measure magnitude

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richter scale

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used to measure magnitude

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richter scale

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who invented Richter Scale

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Charles F. Richter