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47 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Urban Designers do: |
1. Understand/interpret/aim to achieve community needs and aspirations 2. Use both visual and verbal means of communication 3. Understand/use political and financial processes 4. Promote collaboration 5. Go beyond narrow boundaries of professions and disciplines and approach urban space from an interdisciplinary, socio-spatial perspective |
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Urban design process |
1. UNDERSTAND- contextual analysis, spatial analysis, stakeholder analysis, design tools 2. EXPLORE-test ideas/alternatives 3. DECIDE WHAT TO DO-develop plan |
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public vs. private urban design |
serves public to improve quality vs. maximize reurn on investment/serve minority |
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Urban design |
multi-disciplinary approach to designing our built environment, activity of shaping and managing urban environments. Includes visual, spatial, social, artistic, behavioral, environmental. Is a "political matter" dealing with urban space at all scales |
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Urbanism |
Study of cities, their geographic, economic, political, social and cultural environment, and the impact of these forces on the built environment. Aestheticization of everyday life. Manifests in the physical, social, and cultural. |
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Perspectives of urbanism |
1. URBAN way of life 2. CHARACTERISTICS of urban life (challenges, urbanization) 3. The WAY individuals in urban areas INTERACT 4. PHYSICAL NEEDS of urban societies 5. MOVEMENT of the population to urban areas 6. CONCENTRATION of population in an urban area |
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Factors shaping the built environment |
Demographic, Political, Societal, Cultural, Economic (dominant influence), Technological, Environmental |
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Types of Urbanism |
New Urbanism- walkability, connectivity, mixed use, public transit, quality of life City Beautiful movement-Jane Jacobs and Leon Krier
Criticisms-housing prices rose, people still drive cars, lack of inclusive design |
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Everyday urbanism |
Lived experience is more important than physical form, city is a social product, non-utopian, conversational, non-structuralist Kaliski, Crawford
Criticisms- lacks specificity and consistency, contradition (planned with unplanned), everyday cannot be designed for |
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Green urbanism |
minimize city's impact on environment, ethics, bio-climate design |
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Landscape urbanism |
landscape, rather than architecture, is more capable of organizing the city Charles Waldheim |
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Ecological urbanism |
socially inclusive, sensitive to environment, arguing for more holistic approach to city design Mostafavi and Doherty |
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Sustainable urbanism |
making cities walkable, close loop on resource use (reduce sprawl by bringing everyone together) |
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Subaltern urbanism |
"Planet of slums" "shadow cities" Roy |
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Asian urbanism |
dense, compact, hybrid and dynamic |
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Three types of stakeholders |
1. Suppliers 2. Producers 3. Consumers |
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3 categories of public participation |
1. Initial engagement 2. Workshops 3. Preliminary proposals |
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Urban Structure |
Macro design, arrangement of land use in urban areas SKELETON of cities, Spatial RELATIONSHIPS between land uses and services
Grid model, Zonal Model, Sectoral Model, Multiple Nuclei Model |
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Urban Form |
physical layout and design of the city. heavily influenced by policies dealing with growth managment, patterns, and phasing of developments SKIN of cities (most visible, capable of greatest transformation) Spatial CHARACTERISTICS (configuration, nature, density) |
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Four modes of design actions |
1. Diagnosis-UNDERSTAND 2. Policy- PROCEDURE TOOL 3. Control-PROCEDURE TOOL 4. Design
Iterative and interactive |
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Urban design tools (2 tiers) |
1. POLICY tools-broad guides/directives (acts, guidance) 2. CONTROL tools-detailed regulations/standards (planning schemes, etc.) |
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3 Urban design principles |
1. Productivity + Sustainability 2. Liveability 3. Leadership and Governance |
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Accessibility |
ability an ease with which people can physically access places, social and economic opportunities, within a reasonable time and cost |
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Mobility |
mobility ease with which people can move around, between or within locations |
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Street hierarchy |
1. Arterial-providing connections for high volumes between major centers 2. Collector-transitional function between movement of people and goods and local access functions 3. Local-access to properties |
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5 Planning factors influencing active transport |
1. Accessiblity of destinations 2. Diversity of land uses 3. Density of housing and jobs 4. Distance to public transport 5. Design of neighborhood |
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Public Space |
1. Used by the general public daily 2. Includes natural and built environment 3. Open and accessible to all citizens 4. Physical aspect of the public realm
Challenges: Privatization, Commodification, etc.
Blurring of private and public realms, when privately owned space is publically used |
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Place |
Part of, but separate from space Unique location in space where human activities occur and enduring connections are made Capitalizes on the assets, inspiration, history of the community Must be sensual (sensory and perceptive) |
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"Sense of Place" |
intrinsic character of it, attachment pople have to it developed through experience, memory, intention |
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Streetscape |
collective appearance of all buildings, footpaths, and gardens along a street, visual identity of neighborhood, plays important role in facilitating interaction between residents. Preference for "pathways" over "stay places" |
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Placemaking |
overarching idea for improving a neighborhood, city or region (design with past, present and future in mind)
Principles include: Physical setting, Activity, Meaning, and Sense of Place
One type is urban regeneration Language and value based shifts are essential |
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Urban regeneration |
Converting space with one use or meaning into another useful and meaningful 'place' Process driven: space + meaning=place Used as market mechanism strategy rather than social welfare approach
Main principles: Rapid and deliberate, Incremental, Interventionalist, Collective effort, Institutional change |
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Types of urban regeneration |
Culture led: redevelopment of cultural-industry quarters, encouraged by global competitiveness
Public-Private Partnerships: public joined forces with private developers
Property-led: holistic building improvements for occupation and investment
Urban tourism: fastest growing, importance of the visitor economy
Market-led approach: motivated by profit seeking rather than philanthropy or moral awareness, focus on areas of greatest economic potential
Bottom-up: local economic development strategies initiated by urban authorities and grass roots |
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Regeneration principles |
1. Integration 2. Partnership 3. Strategic Perspective 4. Tripartite balance (public, private, voluntary funding) 5. Community-driven 6. Modest 7. Environmental sustainability |
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Progressive Planning |
Equity Planning: provide additional resources to people with fewest choices
Linked development: require developers to provide socialized housing, hire labor from specific geographical areas |
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Density numbers |
Low: 0-20 Low/Medium: 20-40 Medium/High: 60-80 High: 80-100 Very High: 100+ |
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Key drivers for higher density dwelling |
Amenity, Building heights, mixed uses, car parking, affordability, public transport |
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Types of dwellings |
Detached, Semi-Detached, Attached, Low-rise apartments (<4 stories), Medium-rise apartments (5-10 stories), High-rise (11+ stories) |
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Urban designer skills |
Definition and analysis of urban design tasks Development of urban design concepts, programs, policies and plans, Development of successful implementation strategies Performance evaluation of urban design projects, policies, and processes Interaction with communities and public and private planning institutions |
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Design Brief Parts |
Title and cover page Company history and profile Problem statement Goals Solution analysis Summary and conclusion |
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Madanipour's 7 ambiguities of urban design |
1. scale of urban fabric 2. visual or spatial emphases 3. spatial or the social emphases 4. relationship between process and product in city design 5. relationship between different professionals and their activities 6. public or private sector affiliation 7. design as objective-rational or expressive-subjective |
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Sternberg |
Integrative Theory of Urban Design
Urban design's primary role is to reassert cohesiveness of the urban experience and identify integrative principles by which urban environments can transcend commodification urban design as a process of joining up
Urban form, legibility, vitality, and meaning |
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Jane Jacob's "the use of sidewalk: safety" |
argues that the vitality of city neighborhoods depends on the overlapping and interweaving of land uses and activities to create lively, vital public spaces
critiques against functional zoning
Her ideas also include: inviting public spaces, lively neighborhoods, creating interesting waterfronts, squares, plazas, streets, attracting people because its pleasurable |
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Jan Gehl |
"life between buildings"
Concerned with human dimension, focuses on people "first life, then spaces, then buildings"
shows how design influences behavior--directly influenced city design of Copenhagen |
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Bentley's Responsive environments |
Responsive environment: identified qualities of the built and human environment to create greater choice
Permeability: move and connect Personalization: uniqueness, distinctiveness Robustness: change and adapt as required Richness: sense of experience Vitality: exciting places Variety: diversity Visual appropriateness: express levels |
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Francis Tibbalds' 10 principles |
1. Places matter most 2. Learn lessons of the past 3. Encourage mixing of uses and activities 4. Design on human scale 5. Encourage pedestrian freedom 6. Provide access for all 7. Build legible environments 8. Build lasting environments 9. Control Change 10. Contribute to the greater whole |
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Henri Lefebvre's Conceptual Triad |
How space is actually produced
1. Conceived Space-way of portraying cities 2. Perceived Space-spatial practices 3. Lived Space-personal feeling people have towards spaces
places are socially constructed |
