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69 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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5 types of micro-organisms
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bacteria, fungi, protozoa, algae, viruses
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negative effects of micro-organisms
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food spoilage and disease
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pathogen
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disease causing micro-organism
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positive effects of microorganisms
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normal flora, oxygen generating, nutrient cycling, basis of food chain in aquatic environments, food production, break down wastes in soil
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bacteria shapes
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coccus (round), bacillus (rod), staphylococcus (round bacteria in cluster), streptobacillus (rod shaped bacteria in chains)
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prokaryote
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no membrane bound nucleus
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eukaryote
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membrane bound nucleus
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peptidoglycan
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makes up bacterial cell walls
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chitin
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makes up fungal cell walls
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unicellular fungi
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yeast
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multicellular fungi
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mold
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pseudopodia
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false foot
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flagella
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whip like structure for motility
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cilia
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hair like projections for motility
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photosynthetic
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get energy from the sun, algae are photosynthetic
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viruses are composed of...
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genetic material (DNA, RNA), a protein coat, and sometimes an envelope
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viruses are considered to be...
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on the border between life and non-life
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normal flora
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bacteria normally present on or in the body; beneficial because they help prevent harmful bacteria from growing
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Robert Hooke
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first to observe cells
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Anton Van Leeuwenhoek
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first to observe living micro-organisms
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spontaneous generation
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theory that life could arise from non-life
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biogenesis
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theory that life comes only from pre-existing life
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John Needham
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thought he had shown spontaneous generation
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Lazzaro Spallanzani
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tried to disprove spontaneous generation
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Louis Pasteur
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finally disproved spontaneous generation
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Schleiden and Schwann
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developed the cell theory
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cell theory
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1. cell is basic unit of life
2. all organisms are composed of one or more cells 3. cells arise from pre-existing cells |
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Joseph Lister
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aseptic surgery
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Robert Koch
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showed that micro-organisms cause disease
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Edward Jenner
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first vaccine
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Paul Ehrlich
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chemotherapy
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Alexander Fleming
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penicillin, the first antibiotic
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Bacteriology
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study of bacteria
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Parasitology
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study of parasites
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virology
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study of viruses
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3 reasons for decreased incidence of disease
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vaccinations, antibiotics, improved sanitation
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first disease to be eradicated through vaccines
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small pox
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Characteristics of Bacteria
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1. single celled organisms
2. prokaryotic 3. reproduce by binary fission 4. cell walls composed of peptidoglycan |
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Characteristics of Fungi
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1. eukaryotes
2. can be unicellular or multicellular 3. walls composed mostly of chitin 4. unicellular = yeast, multicellular = mold 5. reproduce sexually or asexually 6. obtain nourishment by absorbtion, cannot recieve energy from the sun |
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Characteristics of Protozoa
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1. unicellular
2. eukaryotic 3. can be free living or a parasite 4. absorb nutrients in environment 5. reproduce secually or asexually examples: ameoba (psuedo), paramecia (cilia), paranema (flagella) |
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Characteristics of Algae
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1. eukaryotic
2. photosynthetic 3. need light, water, and CO2 for growth 4. both secual and asexual reproduction |
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Characteristics of Viruses
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1. not cellular
2. core made of one type of nucleic acid (DNA, RNA) 3. core encased in protein coat 4. coat is sometimes enclosed in a lipid membrance called an envelope 5. viruses can only reproduce by using the cellular machinery of other living organisms |
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bacteriophage
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virus that infects bacteria
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Viruses can be considered living because...
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they are made up of biological molecules (DNA RNA & protein) AND they reproduce
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Viruses can be considered non-living because...
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they can only reproduce inside other cells AND they are not made up of cells
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How did Louis Pasteur disprove spontaneous generation?
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heated long neck flasks with the necks bent into s-shaped curves, and they showed no signs of life, this spurred aspetic technique, pasteurization, and fermentation
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atoms & orbitals
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1 orbital = 2 electrons
2 orbital = 8 electrons 3 orbital = 8 electrons example: carbon has 6 electrons all together, 2 in the first so there are 4 in the second |
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what charges make up the nucleus? what charges make up the outer shells around the nucleus?
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neutrons & protons; electrons
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which bonds are the strongest?
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covalent bonds are the strongest, followed by ionic and hydrogen
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PH Scale
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0 - 14
7 - neutral below 7 = acidic above 7 = basic |
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a substance dissolves in water to produce hydrogen ions is a
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acid
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substance dissolves in water and consumes hydrogen ions is a
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base
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substance dissolves in water and has no effect on hydrogen ion concentration
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salt
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carbohydrate is a long chain of ___ or ___
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monosaccharides or sugar molecules
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protein is made up of
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amino acids (20 different kinds)
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satured fat and LDL cholesterol both contribute to...
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heart disease
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aseptic technique
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performing a procedure under sterile conditions
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fermentation
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process by which sugars are converted to alcohol in the absence of air
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pasteurization
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process of mild heating just enough to kill spoilage causing bacteria and pathogens
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Koch's Postulates (methodology for proving cause of disease)
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1. same pathogen is present in every infected organism
2. pathogen must be isolated from host and be grown in culture 3. pathogen from culture must infect healthy organism 4. pathogen must be re-isolated from inoculated organism and shown to be the same as the original organism |
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all matter is made up of...
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atoms (become molecules when they interact with eachother)
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chemistry terminology
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atomic # = protons in nucleus
atomic weight = total protons & neutrons in nucleus chemical element = all atoms with same number of protons molecular weight = molecule sum of atomic weights of all its atoms |
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1. Hydrogen
2. Carbon 3. Nitrogen 4. Oxygen |
1. H1
2. C6 3. N7 4. O8 |
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covalent bond
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chemical bond formed by two atoms sharing one or more pairs of electrons
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ionic bond
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attraction between ions of opposite charge that holds them together to form a stable molecule
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hydrogen bond
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when a hydrogen atoms covalently bound to one oxygen or nitrogen atom is attracted to another oxygen or nitrogen atom
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inorganic compound
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small and structurally simple, typically lack carbon and ion bonds are important in these (water, oxygen, carbon dioxide, salts, and bases)
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organic compounds
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always contain carbon and hydrogen, usually complex and held together by covalent bonds (polysaccharides, proteins, and nucleic acids)
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4 characteristics of water
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1. high boiling point
2. excellent solvent 3. key reactant in digestive process 4. excellent temperature buffer *polar |
