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72 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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what is a organ that develops by the mother and fetus |
placenta |
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three components of the placenta |
chorionic plate, placental substance,basal layer |
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the 6 functions of the placenta |
respiration, nutrition,excretion,protection,storage,endocrine |
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each functional unit of the placenta is called |
cotyledon |
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placenta thickness should range from |
1.5-4.0cm ap |
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large pools of maternal venous blood within the placenta is called |
placental lakes (intervillous spaces,venous lakes) |
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what circulates through the intervillous spaces |
maternal blood |
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exchange of nutrients ,oxygen,and waste takes place where |
placental lakes |
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how do intervillous lakes look like on US |
anechoic areas within the placenta |
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how many grades is there of the placenta |
0-3 = 4 |
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late 1st trimeter -early 2nd trimester , no calcification,smooth chorionic plate without indentations ,uniform moderate echogenicitiy |
grade 0 |
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small indications of the chorionic plate may be noted with small calcification in the placental tissue ,mid 2nd term -early 3rd term |
grade 1 |
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diabetics often show which grades |
0-1 at term |
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has greater indentations of the chorionic plate , more and larger calcification ,does not usually appear until after 30 weeks |
grade 2 |
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larger calcification with significant shadowing complete indentations or chorionic plate through to the basilarplate creating "cotyledons" and usually appear st 35 weeks-post date |
grade 3 |
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what is considered placentomegaly |
>5cm |
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causes for placentomegaly |
maternal diabetes, placenta hydrops,infection,chorioangioma,umbilical vein thrombosis,multiple gestations,chromosomal abnormalities |
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what is considered small of placenta measuring |
<1.5 |
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reasons for a small placenta |
preeclampisa,IUGR, maternal hypertension ,placental infraction |
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how many cm is considered for the distance from the internal OS |
>2cm |
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when the placenta partially to totally covers the internal OS |
placenta previa |
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ss for placent previa |
painless,red,bright vaginal bleeding in the third trimester |
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what could be a cause of placenta previa |
abnormally low implantation of the blastocyst |
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placenta previa is common in |
multiparous women, previous C section, previous myomectomy ,scarring |
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what is it important to identified placenta prevue |
so that a C section may be planned if the prevue persists until delivery |
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chroinoic villi arein direct contact with the myometrium but not invade |
placenta acreta |
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sono apparente of placenta accreta is |
loss of the normal hypo echoic interface between the placenta and the myometrium |
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further extension of the chorionic villi invade myometrium |
placenta increate |
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how can increata and percreta be diagnosed |
based on the amount of invasion and if there is breech of the serial layer of the uterus |
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penetration of the uterine series, severe forms can often lead to a hysterectomy or be fatal |
placenta peracreta |
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placental lobes are joined to main placenta by blood vessels |
succenturiate lobe/ accessory lobe placenta |
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what may result in postpartum hemorrhage and infection ? |
succenturiate lobe/ accessory lobe placenta |
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a placenta that consists of two separate discs of equal size |
bilobed placenta |
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caused when the basal plate or the fetal side of the placenta is smaller than the chorionic |
circumvallate plaenta |
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what can circumvallate placenta cause to the patient ? |
abruption, bledding |
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premature separation of all or part of the placenta from the myometrium before the birth of the fetus |
placenta abruption |
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most common cause of painful bleeding in the third trimester ? |
placental abruption |
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treatment for large abruption |
delivery |
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focal myometrium contractions are painless,localized contractions of the myometrium that occur throughout pregnancy and not always clinically apparent |
uterine contraction |
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entire uterus contracts similar to that during delivery |
braxton hicks contractions |
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common in asian population and has snow storm appearance |
molar pregnancy ,gestational trophoblastic disease |
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what will be identified with molar pregnancy ,gestational trophoblastic disease |
bilateral theca-lutein cyst |
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SS for molar pregnancy ,gestational trophoblastic disease |
bleeding,anemia, hypertension,severe eclampisa,hyperemesis gravidarium , uterus is too large for dates , elevated serum BHCG |
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how many types is there of molar pregnancy ,gestational trophoblastic disease |
3 |
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most common benign of GTD (90%) |
hydatidifrom |
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what are the three types of molar pregnancy ,gestational trophoblastic disease of the hydatidiform |
complete HM, partial /incomplete,HM w/coexisting fetus |
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with twin gestations , when one of them gets molar pregnancy what happens to the other one |
the other one stays normal |
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onvasive mole, has malignant potential |
chorioadenoma destruens |
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malignant ,metastasis |
choriocarcinoma |
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typical doppler waveform pattern for molar pregnancy ,gestational trophoblastic disease |
high velocity ,low resistance |
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benign , second to trophoblastic disease , its the most common |
chorioangioma |
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by US how does chorioangioma appears as |
isoechoic or hypoechoic rarely hyperechoic to placenta,protrude into amniotic cavity |
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cystic lesion of the umbilical cord |
omphalmoesenteric cyst/allantoic cyst |
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what leads to obstruction of the fetal circulation and subsequent intrauterine death, associated with monochorionic twins,long cords,polyhydraminos , IUGR, |
true knots of the cord |
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kinks in the umbilical cord is called |
false knots of the cord |
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cord looped around fetal neck |
nuchal cord |
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umbilical cord at the margin of the placenta |
batteldore cordal attachments |
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cord inserts into the membranes before it enters the placenta rather than directly into the placenta |
velamentous cord insertion |
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cord is between the presenting fetal part and internal OS with intact membranes |
vasa pervia |
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what can vasa previa result from |
velamentous insertion of the cord, succenturiate lobe of the placenta , low lying placenta |
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when the baby umbilical cord calls into the birth canal ahead of the baby head or other parts of the baby body |
umbilical cord prolapse |
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cord is near presenting fetal for umbilical cord prolapse is called |
occult |
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cord protrusion into cervix (ruptured membranes ) for umbilical cord prolapse is called |
frank |
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1 umbilical artery and 1 umbilical vein, the most common anatomical abnormality |
2 vessel cord ( single umbilical artery,SUA) |
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2 vessel cord is associated with |
trisomy 13,18 and multiple gestations |
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<5 cm AFI , single pocket <1cm is |
oligohydraminos , anhydraminose |
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causes of oligohydraminos |
poor nutrition,among,PROM (premature of reptured membranes ) |
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what is commonly seen with kidney , lung and IUGR abnormalities |
oligohydraminos |
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22 cm AFI nd signle pocket is >3 cm |
polyhydraminos / hydraminose |
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what is polyhydraminos caused by (2) |
inability for the fetus to swallow , anything that causes more fetal urine output , |
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polyhydraminos is mainly caused by(7) |
commonly seen with GI,SKELETAL ABNORMALITIES , FETAL HYDROPS ,TTS,rh incompatility ,diabetes ,CNS anomalies |
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amniotic membrane rapes around the fetal parts |
amniotic band syndrome |
