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18 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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confounding of variables |
2 variables are intertwined so we can't determine which one influenced the DV |
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placebo effects |
people receiving a treatment show a change in behavior because of their expectations, not because the treatment was working |
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experimenter expectancy effects |
subtle unintentional ways a researcher influences participants to respond consistent with the researcher's hypothesis |
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Replicating and generalizing the findings |
the study should be able to be replicated with some results to generalize the findings with respect to a total population |
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social desirability bias |
when participants in a survey answer with the socially/culturally acceptable answer instead of the honest one |
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sampling bias |
sample population may not be randomly spread and may contain more of one group than others on accident |
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external validity |
the degree to which the results can be generalized to other populations; results must indicate the same issue |
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Mode |
most frequent data point |
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median |
middle data point |
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mean |
average value of data points |
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variability |
the degree of variation or spread in scores (range= highest - lowest, standard deviation= how much each score differs from the mean) |
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correlation coefficient |
(-1.0)-(1.0) representing the strength and type of relation between 2 variables |
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positive correlation |
higher scores on X is found with higher Y scores |
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negative correlation |
Higher scores on X is found with lower Y scores |
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strong vs weak correlation |
closer to -1 or 1 is stronger correlation (shown on scatter plot) |
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correlation and causation |
correlation can predict behaviors from a lab to the real world but cannot imply causation because we don't know which variable x or y is doing the influencing |
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descriptive statistics |
allows the summary and description of the characteristics of a set (correlation coefficient) |
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inferential statistics |
tells us how confident we are in making inferences about a population based on findings obtained from a sample |
