Pkanesthesia

Front 1

The two major branches of the Nervous system is?

Back 1

PNS, CNS

Front 2

The PNS is composed of?

Back 2

ANS, and Somatic NS

Front 3

The Autonomic nervous system is composed of?

Back 3

Sympathetic NS and Parasympathetic NS

Front 4

The CNC is made up of the?

Back 4

Brain and Spinal cord

Front 5

The brain is make up of what 3 sections?

Back 5

Forebrain, Midbrain, and Hindbrain

Front 6

The Forebrain makes up what?

Back 6

Telencephalon

Front 7

The midbrain forms the?

Back 7

Diencephalon

Front 8

The telencephalon is composed of what 4 parts of the brain?

Back 8

Crebral Cortex, Basal Ganglia, Hippocampus, Amygdala

Front 9

The diencephalon is composed of what?

Back 9

Thalamus, Hypothalamus

Front 10

The midbrain makes up the?

Back 10

Mesencephalon

Front 11

The Mesencephalon is make up of?

Back 11

Tectum, Tegmentum

Front 12

The Hindbrain is made up of what?

Back 12

Metencephalon, and Myencephalon

Front 13

The metencephalon is composed of?

Back 13

Pons, Cerebellum

Front 14

The Myelencephalon is composed of?

Back 14

Medulla

Front 15

There are how many pair of spinal nerves?

Back 15

31 pairs

Front 16

There are how many pairs of crainial nerves?

Back 16

12

Front 17

The peripheral Nervous System is made up of what?

Back 17

31 PAIRS SPINAL NERVES, 12 pairs of cranial nerves

Front 18

The PNS is divided into what two sections?

Back 18

Somatic and Autonomic

Front 19

The somatic and autonomic NS both have _________ and ________ neurons.

Back 19

Sensory, motor

Front 20

In the CNS, collections of neurons are called?

Back 20

Neuclei

Front 21

In the PNS, collections of neurons are called?

Back 21

Ganglia

Front 22

In the CNS, collections of axons are called?

Back 22

Tracts

Front 23

In the PNS, collections of axons are called?

Back 23

Nerves

Front 24

What are the three major levels of the CNS functions?

Back 24

Spinal cord, Lower brain, and Higher brain or cortical level

Front 25

The section of the CNS functions in walking circuits, withdrawal circuits, support against gravity circuits, and circuits for reflex control of organ function is called?

Back 25

The spinal cord

Front 26

The Lower brain level contains?

Back 26

Medulla, pons, mesencephalon, hypothalamus, thalamus, cerebellum, and basalganglia

Front 27

This portion of the CNS controls subconscious body activities such as arterial pressure, respiration, equilibrium, feeding reflexes, and emotional patters is called?

Back 27

The lower brain level

Front 28

This portion of the CNS functions as a large memory storehouse?

Back 28

The higher brain or cortical level

Front 29

This is essential for thought processes?

Back 29

The higher brain, or cortical level

Front 30

Each portion of the NS performs specific functions, but it is the __________ that opens the world up for one's mind and makes us who we are.

Back 30

The higher brain or cortical level

Front 31

The basic functional and structural unit of the CNS is called?

Back 31

Neuron

Front 32

Neurons store energy as glycogen, thus requiring constant blood flow for glucose supply. True or false

Back 32

False

Front 33

A junction connected between two neurons is called?

Back 33

Synapse

Front 34

This allow communication of nerve impulses via chemical (neurotransmitters) or electrical signals (gap junctions) is called a?

Back 34

Symapse

Front 35

Chemical symapses allow _____________ transmission of signal.

Back 35

One-way

Front 36

This secretes the neurotransmitter and is sending information is called?

Back 36

Presynaptic neuron

Front 37

Clusters of cell bodies or somas in the CNS is called?

Back 37

Nuclei

Front 38

Clusters of cell bodies or somas in the PNS is called?

Back 38

Ganglia

Front 39

Impulses arise on the neuron where?

Back 39

Axon Hillock

Front 40

The end of the axon terminal is called?

Back 40

presynaptic knobs, or boutons

Front 41

These are small knobs at the end of the axon that release chemicals called neurotransmitters?

Back 41

Terminal buttons

Front 42

The terminal buttons form the what?

Back 42

Presynaptic neuron of the synapse

Front 43

Another term used for presynaptic terminal button is what?

Back 43

End bulb

Front 44

Presynaptic membranes contain voltage-gated ___________ channels?

Back 44

Calcium

Front 45

The release of the neurotransmitter from the presnaptic membranes is done by?

Back 45

Exocytosis

Front 46

The receptor component binds to the transmitter itself is called?

Back 46

Binding component

Front 47

This receptor component either opens an ion channel or activates a second messenger system is called?

Back 47

Ionophore component

Front 48

Cation channels most often allow __________ ions?

Back 48

Sodium

Front 49

Anion channels allow _______ ions to pass?

Back 49

Chloride

Front 50

Transmitters that open sodium channels excite the?

Back 50

Postsynaptic neuron

Front 51

Transmitters that open chloride channels inhibit the?

Back 51

Postsynaptic neuron

Front 52

These channels excite the postsynaptic neuron?

Back 52

Sodium channels

Front 53

These channels inhibit the postsynaptic neuron?

Back 53

Chloride channels

Front 54

About 75% of the second messenger activators are tranduced with _______ coupled receptors.

Back 54

G-protein

Front 55

These are chemical substances that function as synaptic transmitters?

Back 55

Neurotransmitters

Front 56

Small molecules like acetylcholine, norepinephrine, dopamine, serotonin, GABA, glycine, glutamate, or NO are called?

Back 56

Neurotransmitters

Front 57

Thse molecules (endorphins, enkephalins) cause more prolonged actions than neurotransmitters is called?

Back 57

Neuropeptides

Front 58

Dendrites transmit signals by?

Back 58

Electrotonic conduction

Front 59

The effect of acidosis __________ neuronal activity and will ________________.

Back 59

Depresses, Induce coma

Front 60

The effects of alkalosis will ___________ neuronal excitability and will ________________.

Back 60

Increases, Induce seizures

Front 61

Myelin is produced in the PNS by?

Back 61

Schwann cells

Front 62

Myelin is produced in the CNS by?

Back 62

Oligodendrocytes

Front 63

This cell wraps around a single axon many times is called?

Back 63

Schwann cells

Front 64

The cell membrane of schwann cells is called?

Back 64

Neurolemma

Front 65

These myelin producing cells cover many axons in the CNS?

Back 65

Oligodendrocytes

Front 66

Myelinated axons in the CNS is made up of?

Back 66

White matter

Front 67

An example of a demyelinating disease is called?

Back 67

Multiple scleerosis

Front 68

A nerve impolse is said to jump form node to node is called?

Back 68

Saltator conduction

Front 69

The majority of the CNS neurons is made up of?

Back 69

Multipolar neurons

Front 70

An example of Multipolar neurons are?

Back 70

Motor neurons

Front 71

An example of a bipolar neuron is a ?

Back 71

Sensory neuron

Front 72

Unipolar neurons are also called?

Back 72

Pseudounipolar neurons

Front 73

This neuron is a single short process that divides like a T forming a longer process is called a?

Back 73

Unipolar neurons

Front 74

These pave cell bodies outside the CNS in the posterior root ganglia of spinal and cranieal nerves?

Back 74

Unipolar neurons

Front 75

Impulses FROM sensory receptors INTO the CNS is called?

Back 75

Sensory or AFFERENT neurons

Front 76

An example of a sensory afferent neuron is?

Back 76

Pseudounipolar or unipolar neurons.
Exception, special senses which are bipolar neurons

Front 77

These neuron conduct impulses OUT of CNS TO effector organs (muscles, gland) is called?

Back 77

Motor or EFFERENT neurons

Front 78

What are two types of motor neurons?

Back 78

Somatic motor neuron and autonomic motor neurions

Front 79

These neurons are responsible for reflex and voluntary control of skeletal muscles?

Back 79

Somatic motor neurons

Front 80

These innervate involuntary effectors (smooth muscle, ardiac muscle, and glands) is called?

Back 80

Autonomic motor neurons

Front 81

These neurons are found ENTIRELY in the CNS and are typically multipolar are called?

Back 81

Interneurons or association neurons

Front 82

The CNS is composed of the _________ and ________.

Back 82

Brain, Spinal cord

Front 83

The PNS is made up of?

Back 83

Cranial and Spinal nerves, their receptors and effector endings.

Front 84

These Somatic nervous system neurons control skin, muscles, and joints?

Back 84

Sensory neurons

Front 85

These neurons control skeletal muscles?

Back 85

Motor neurons

Front 86

This system is repsponsible for involuntary innervation of varous organ systems?

Back 86

Autonomic Nervous System

Front 87

The ANS has what type of neurons?

Back 87

Sensory and Motor

Front 88

These neurons control smooth and cardiac muscles?

Back 88

Motor neurons

Front 89

Nervous tisues consists of two principal types of cells called?

Back 89

Neurons and glial (neuroglial) cells

Front 90

The functional unit in the nervous system is?

Back 90

neuron

Front 91

Neurons are capable of cell devision? True or False

Back 91

False

Front 92

Neurons in the CNS are clustered into groups called?

Back 92

Nuclei

Front 93

Neuron cell bodies in the PNS occur in clusters called?

Back 93

Ganglia

Front 94

These conduct electrical signals TOWARD the cell body is called?

Back 94

Dendrites

Front 95

Dendrites conduct action potentials through the cell body? True, False

Back 95

False

Front 96

Generally, there is only one of these seen on a neuron?

Back 96

Axon

Front 97

Axons with the largest diameters conduct impulses more _________.

Back 97

Rapidly

Front 98

This portion of the neuron conducts impulses away from the cell body?

Back 98

Axon

Front 99

Protein synthesis occurs in which portion of the neuron?

Back 99

Cell body (Perikaryon or Soma)

Front 100

This portion of the neuron is termed the trigger zone, where nerve impulses arise is called?

Back 100

Axon Hillock

Front 101

Axon end with fine branching called ________________, that is also called _____________.

Back 101

Axon terminals
Synaptic buttons or presynaptic knobs

Front 102

This portion of the neuron is is where neurotransmitters are released as a result of an action potential which travels down the axon?

Back 102

Synaptic buttons or presynaptic knobs

Front 103

Bundles of nerve processes or fibers which are comprised of dendrites and axons are calle what in the PNS?

Back 103

Nerves

Front 104

Bundles of nerve processes or fibers which are comprised of dendrites and axons are called what in the CNS?

Back 104

Tracts

Front 105

Axons that are smaller than 2 micrometer are usually myelinated or unmyelinated?

Back 105

Unmyelinated

Front 106

This electrically insulates the axon?

Back 106

Myelin sheath

Front 107

These cells form the myelin sheath in the PNS?

Back 107

Schwann cells

Front 108

The cell membrane of Schwann cells is called?

Back 108

Neurilemma

Front 109

Myelin sheath is form by what type of cells in the CNS?

Back 109

Oligodendrocytes

Front 110

This myelin sheath wraps around only one axon at a time?

Back 110

Schwann cells

Front 111

These cells that make up the myelin sheath covers many axons instead of only one is called?

Back 111

Oligodendrocytes

Front 112

What portion of the CNS in the brain is composed on myelinated axons?

Back 112

White matter

Front 113

Gaps in the myelin sheath is called?

Back 113

Nodes of Ranvier

Front 114

All active Na+ channels of a nerve are consentrated at the?

Back 114

Nodes of Ranvier

Front 115

This acts as a insulator to prvent almost all leakage of charge of a neuron?

Back 115

Myelin

Front 116

Nerve impulse corrent can pass through the menbrane of myelinated axon only at?

Back 116

The nodes of Ranvier

Front 117

Action potentials that move from one node of Ranvier to the next node whre it triggers another action potential is termed?

Back 117

Salutatory conduction

Front 118

The electrical signal appears to jump from node t onode along an axon is termed?

Back 118

Salutatory conduction

Front 119

The structural classification of neurons is based on what?

Back 119

Number of processes extending from the cell body

Front 120

The most common type of neuron is?

Back 120

Multipolar neurons

Front 121

Thes neurons constitute the majority of CNS neurons?

Back 121

Multipolar neurons

Front 122

These neurons are characteried by having several dendrites and one axon extending from the body of the soma is called?

Back 122

Multipolar neurons

Front 123

A good exampoe of multipolar neurons is?

Back 123

Motor neurons

Front 124

These neurons have two processes, an axon and dendrite that extend from opposite ends of the cell body is called?

Back 124

Bipolar neuron

Front 125

Thise neurons act as receptor cells in the retina, ear, and olfactory mucosa is called?

Back 125

Bipolar neurons

Front 126

These neurons are also called pseudounipolar neurons?

Back 126

Unipolar neurons

Front 127

These neurons are found chiefly in the PNS where they function as sensory neurons is called?

Back 127

Unipolar neurons

Front 128

Cel bodies of sensory neurons are located where?

Back 128

Outside the CNS in the posterior root ganglia of the spinal nad cranial nerves

Front 129

Thse neurons conduct impulses FROM sensory receptors INTO the CNS is called?

Back 129

Sensory or AFFERENT neurons

Front 130

The second major type of cell found in the CNS is the?

Back 130

Neuroglial or glial cell

Front 131

Thse cells do not participate in neuronal signaling?

Back 131

Neuroglial cells

Front 132

What are the two distinct types of astrocytes?

Back 132

Fibrous astrocytes, Protoplasmic astrocytes

Front 133

This type of astrocyte glial cell is found only in the white matter?

Back 133

Fibrous astrocytes

Front 134

This type of astrocyte (glial cell) is found only in the Gray matter?

Back 134

Protoplasmic astrocytes

Front 135

These type of cells have multiple processes that radiate from the cell producing a characeristic star-shaped appearance?

Back 135

Astrocytes

Front 136

These type of cells induce capillaries to form the tight junctionns that form the blood-brain barrier?

Back 136

Astrocytes

Front 137

These cells provide structural neuronal support?

Back 137

Astrocytes

Front 138

These cells are active in repair following injury to the brain?

Back 138

Astrocytes

Front 139

These cells form the myelin sheath of axons in the brain and spinal cord?

Back 139

Oligodendrocytes

Front 140

These cells are capable of myelinating more than one axon?

Back 140

Oligodendrocytes

Front 141

There are the smallest neuroglial cells?

Back 141

Microglial cells

Front 142

These type of cells are transported throught the CNS to sites of neuronal injury or degeneration where they proliferate and develop int olarge marcrophages that phagocytie neuronal debris?

Back 142

Microglial cells

Front 143

These cells phagocytize neuronal debris?

Back 143

Macrophages

Front 144

These cells are ciliated, cuboidal glial cells that line the roof of the third and fourth ventricle of the brain and the central spinal canal and secretes cerebrospinal fuid?

Back 144

Ependymal cells

Front 145

This is used to effectively isolate the brain and spinal cords extracellular compartments from the intravascular compartments ensuring that the brain's environment remains stable?

Back 145

Blood-Brain Barrier

Front 146

The BBB is formed by?

Back 146

Endothelium cells of cerebral capillaries nad choroid plexus epithelium

Front 147

There are 4 midline brain structures that lack the blood-brain barrier, they are collectively know as?

Back 147

Circumventricular organs

Front 148

The chemoreceptor zone that initiates vomiting in response to chemical changes in the plasma, also concerned with cardiovascular control is known as?

Back 148

Area Postrema

Front 149

The BBB is completely or incompletely developed in teh newborn

Back 149

Incompletely

Front 150

Bile pigments in the undeveloped BBB of an infant may enter the basal ganglia and produce?

Back 150

Kernicterus

Front 151

The integrity of the BBB can be compromised by?

Back 151

Traumatic head injury
Subarachnoid or intracerebral hemorrhage
Cerebral ischemia, lesions, infection, irradiated sites

Front 152

What are the three essential functions of the nervous system?

Back 152

Receove sensory information
Integrate & interpret information
Initate motor responses

Front 153

This is the conscious, subconscious, or unconscious awareness of external and internal stimuli?

Back 153

Sensation

Front 154

What are the levels of CNS translation for sensation?

Back 154

Spinal reflexes (deep tendon reflexes)
Visceral reflexes (brainstem) - unconscious
Crude identification (Thalamus)
Precise identification (cerebral cortex) - fine touch, tictile

Front 155

Each specific type of sensation is called a?

Back 155

Sensory modality

Front 156

The distinct quality that makes one sensation different from another sensation is called?

Back 156

Modality

Front 157

A given sensory neuron carries only ______ modality.

Back 157

One

Front 158

Each of the principle types of sensation (touch, pain, sight, hearing(sound)) is called?

Back 158

Modality of sensation

Front 159

Each receptor is responsive to one type of stimulus energy. Specificity is a key property of a receptor, it underlines the most important coding mechanism called the?

Back 159

Labeled line principle

Front 160

This is a change in sensitivity, usually a decrease, to a long-lasting stimulus is called?

Back 160

Adaptation

Front 161

pressure, touch, and smell receptors that adapt quickly and play a major role in signaling changes in a stimulus is called?

Back 161

Fast-adapting (phasic) receptors

Front 162

Pain, proprioceptors, nad chemoreceptors adapt slowly. These receptors are important in signaling information regarding the stedy state of the body is called?

Back 162

Slow-adapting (tonic) receptors

Front 163

Somatosensory pathways are what type of pathways?

Back 163

Afferent

Front 164

These pathways are going from the receptor, up the spinal cord (ascending tracts) to the brain stem and/or brain are called?

Back 164

Somatosensory pathways

Front 165

The pathways carry sensory input up the cord from the body to the brain are called?

Back 165

Somatosensory pathways

Front 166

These pathways transmit temperature, pain, pressure, touch, vibratory sense, and proprioception are called?

Back 166

Somatosensory pathways

Front 167

There are 3 different modalities of the somatosensory system, what are they?

Back 167

Discriminative touch
Pain and temperature sensations
Proprioception or position sense

Front 168

The perception of pressure, vibration, and texture is referred to as?

Back 168

Discriminative touch

Front 169

Fast adapting with small receptive fields to signify the beginning and end of fine touch is what type of recetor?

Back 169

Meissner's corpuscle

Front 170

Fast adapting with large receptive fields for signifying the beginning and enf of gross touch is called?

Back 170

Pacinian corpuscle

Front 171

Slow adapting with small receptive fields to signify sustained and fin touch is called?

Back 171

Merkel's disk

Front 172

Slow adapting with large receptive fields to signify sustained and gross touch is called?

Back 172

Ruffini's ending

Front 173

What two types of touch receptors are rapidly adapting? Meissner's, Merkel's disks, Pacinian corpuscles or Ruffini endings?

Back 173

Meissner's corpuscles, Pacinian corpuscles

Front 174

What two types of discriminative touch are slowly adapting? Meissner's corpuscles, Merkel's disks, Pacinian corpuscles, Ruffini endings

Back 174

merkel's disks, Ruffini endings

Front 175

These receptors respond to temperatures between 10 and 35 C?

Back 175

Cold receptors

Front 176

Therse receptors respond to temeratures between 30 and 45 C?

Back 176

Warm receptors

Front 177

These receptors guage the force generated by a muscle by measuring the tension in the tendon?

Back 177

Golgi tendon organs

Front 178

These receptors respond to strong pressure from a sharp object?

Back 178

Mechanical nociceptors

Front 179

These receptors respond to buring heat or extreme cold?

Back 179

Thermal nociceptors

Front 180

These receptors respond to a combination of mechanical, thermal, and chemical stimuli?

Back 180

Polymodal nociceptors

Front 181

Pain and temperature have specialized receptor organs. True or False.

Back 181

False

Front 182

What type of receptors are used for pain and termperature?

Back 182

Free nerve endings
Nociceptors - for pain
Thermoreceptors - for temp

Front 183

These receptors are found throughout the skin, mscle, bone, and connective tissue?

Back 183

Nociceptors and thermoreceptors

Front 184

Pain is the result of damage to?

Back 184

Free nerve endings

Front 185

Most pain is the reult of the release of what type of substances by damaged tissues?

Back 185

Prostaglandins, Histamine, Substance P

Front 186

The major stretch receptors in the muscles is called?

Back 186

Muscle spindle

Front 187

Larger nerves tend to be myelinated or unmyeliniated?

Back 187

Mieliniated

Front 188

Smaller receptors tend to be myelinated or unmeilinated?

Back 188

Unmyelinated

Front 189

Skeletal muscle tend to have what type of nerve fibers?

Back 189

A-alpha

Front 190

Muscle spindle tend to have what type of nerve fibers?

Back 190

A-gamma

Front 191

Sympatheetic fibers are what type of nerve fibers?

Back 191

Unmyelinated Type C fibers

Front 192

Myelinated nerves are what type of fibers?

Back 192

A-fibers

Front 193

Unmyelinated nerves are what type of fibers?

Back 193

C-fibers

Front 194

pain and temperature fibers are what type of fibers?

Back 194

Unmyelinated C-fibers

Front 195

What are the two types of A-fibers?

Back 195

Alpha, Beta

Front 196

These fibers has to do with proprioception?

Back 196

A-alpha fibers

Front 197

These fibers has to do with discriminatory touch (hair receptors, vibration)?

Back 197

A-beta fibers

Front 198

There fibers has to do with temperature?

Back 198

A-gamma fibers

Front 199

These fibers has to do with pain?

Back 199

A-delta fibers

Front 200

The largest and fasted fibers you have are what type of fibers?

Back 200

A-alpha

Front 201

The type of pain you get when you hit your finger with a hammer and feel the pain instintaneously is what?

Back 201

A-delta

Front 202

The throbing pain you continue to have after you hit your thumb with a hammmer is what type of fibers?

Back 202

Slow C fibers

Front 203

There are two subtypes of pain fibers, what are they?

Back 203

Fast pain
Slow pain

Front 204

Instantaenous pain that makes your arm jerk back before you even realize you were burned is carried by what type of fiber?

Back 204

A-delta fibers

Front 205

Fast pain fibers are carried by?

Back 205

A-delta

Front 206

Slow pain fibers are carried by?

Back 206

C-fibers

Front 207

What fibers are the only unmyelinated sensory axons without myelin?

Back 207

C-fibers

Front 208

There fibers carry dull and aching pain, and it does not trigger withdrawal reflexes is what type fibers?

Back 208

C-fibers

Front 209

These fibers cross ofver from one side of the cord to the other side, or goes from onside of the CNS to the other side of the CNS is called?

Back 209

Decussate

Front 210

Most information from the somatic receptors when it gets to the spinal cord will cros over at some point, this crossing over is termed?

Back 210

Decussate

Front 211

Most input from somatic receptors on one side of the body will cross over to the opposite side of the CNS before it ascends to the thalamus, this is termed?

Back 211

Decussate

Front 212

From the thalamus, where does the somatic sensory information go?

Back 212

The sensory information proceeds to the somatosensory (primary sensory cortex) cortex of the postcentral gyrus in the parietal lobe of the cerebrum.

Front 213

At what region does sensory input become conscious perception?

Back 213

Cortical region

Front 214

A series of 3 neurons is needed to get the message from the body surface to the cortex, what are they?

Back 214

First-orger neurons
Second-order neurons
Third-order neurons

Front 215

which order neuron carries input from the skin to the CNS(into spinal cord)?

Back 215

First-order neurons

Front 216

In the ascending somatiosensory pathway, which "order" neuron crosses over (dessucates) to the opposite side of CNS and carries input up the spinal cord to the thalamus?

Back 216

Second-order neurons

Front 217

What order neuron relays information from the thalamus into the somatosensory cortex?

Back 217

Third-order neurons

Front 218

There are two key pathways that mediate conscious sensations, what are they?

Back 218

Dorsal Column-Medial Lemniscal pathway,
Anterolateral spinothalamic pathways

Front 219

Other names for Dorsal column-medial lemniscal pathways are?

Back 219

dorsal-lemniscal or tract, dorsal column or tract, or posterior column

Front 220

The anteriolateral spinothalamic pathway is comprised of what two pathways?

Back 220

Lateral spinothalamic tracts,
Anterior or ventral spinothalamic tracts

Front 221

Discriminative (detailed, fine) touch, proprioception (limb position/motion sense), and vibration is what pathway?

Back 221

Dorsal column pathway

Front 222

Pain, temperature, and gross touch is what pathway?

Back 222

Spinothalamic pathway

Front 223

The dorsal column-medial lemniscal (DCML) pathway axons synapse on what?

Back 223

Ventral posterior nucleus (VPN) of hte thalamus

Front 224

The Ventral Posterior neucleus (VPN) projects to the?

Back 224

Primary somatosensory cortex or S1

Front 225

The spinothalamic neurons also synapse where?

Back 225

The ventral posterior neucleus (VPN, but in a different region, they also synapse on the small intralaminar neclei of the thalamus.

Front 226

The bid difference between the two DCML and Spinothalamic pathways is their level of decussation. What is the level of decussation of both?

Back 226

DCML -at the level of the medulla
Spinothalamic pathway at the spinal cord

Front 227

The dorsal root axon come in carrying what fibers?

Back 227

A-alpha, A-beta, A-delta

Front 228

The Dorsal-Column Medial Lemniscal (DCML) pathway enters the spinal cord via?

Back 228

The dorsal root ganglion

Front 229

Fibers of the DCML that form the lower extremities (level T7 or below) ascend in the?

Back 229

Fasiculus Gracilis

Front 230

Fibers from the upper extremities (above the level of T7) ascend in the?

Back 230

Fasiculus Cuneatis

Front 231

The fibers of the DCML enter the ipsilateral dorsal column, and branch off, some become reflex pathway, and the remainder of the fibers ascend in what two tracts?

Back 231

Fasiculus Gracilis, Fasiculus Cuneatis

Front 232

Fibers of the Fasiculus gracilis, and Fasiculus cuneatis are what order neurons?

Back 232

First-order neurons

Front 233

The dorsolateral fasciculus is also called?

Back 233

The tract of Lissauer

Front 234

What makes up the dorsal columns ?

Back 234

Fasciculus gracilis
Fasciculus cuneatus

Front 235

The DCML first order neurons synapse onto second-order neurons where?

Back 235

in the nucleus gracilis and nucleus cuneatis of the medulla

Front 236

The second-order fivers of the DCML then decussate to ascend contra-laterally in the medial lemniscus and synapse with teh contra-lateral ?

Back 236

Thalamus

Front 237

The DCML third-order neurons are located in the ventral posterolateral nucleus of the thalamus, and project through to where?

Back 237

The posterior limb of the internal capsule of the somatosensory cortex in the postcentral gyrus

Front 238

This type of monitoring detects posterior (dorsal) cord ischemia (primarily gracilis or cuneatus tracts) or brain ischemia is called?

Back 238

Sematosensory Evoked Potential (SSEP)

Front 239

A lesion/damage of the DCML pathway results in los of ability to consciously perceive the position and movements on what side of the body?

Back 239

Ipsilateral (same side) limb below the level of damage.

Front 240

This level of CNS is a conduit for signals from the periphery of body to brain and vice versa?

Back 240

Spinal Cord level

Front 241

The presynaptic neuron does what?

Back 241

Secretes the neurotransmitter
Is sending the information

Front 242

The postsynaptic neuron does what?

Back 242

Has the receptors
Is where the neurotransmitter acts

Front 243

Neurons are similar to other cells how?

Back 243

Surrounded by a cell membrane
Have a nucleus tha contains genes
Contain cytoplasm, mitochondria and other organells
Carry out basic cellular process such as protein synthesis and energy production

Front 244

How do nuerons differ form other cells in the body?

Back 244

Have specialized extensions called dendrites, and axons,
Communicate with each other through electrochemical process
Contain some specialized structures (synaposes) and chemicals (neurotransmitters)

Front 245

The site of summation for incoming information is at the ?

Back 245

Axon Hillock

Front 246

Terminal buttons form the?

Back 246

Presynaptic neuron of the synapse

Front 247

Mitochondria is usually plentifyl in what region of the neuron?

Back 247

Presynaptic terminal or (end bulb)

Front 248

The presynaptic membranes contain voltage-gated calcium channels that cause?

Back 248

Depolarization of presynaptic membrane by an action potential which opens Ca channels,
Influx of Ca induces release of neurotransmitter,
which results in fusion of synaptic vessel to membrane and release of transmiter by exocytosis

Front 249

Transmitters that open sodium channels ______ the postsynaptic neuron.

Back 249

Excite

Front 250

Transmitters that open chloride channels ________ the postsynaptic neuron.

Back 250

Inhibit

Front 251

About 75% of the second messenger activators are transduced with __________ coupled receptors.

Back 251

G-protein

Front 252

G-protein activation initiates a cascade of events that leads to an increase in ________ which causes protein ______________ which leads to alterations in cellular activity.

Back 252

cAMP
Phosphorylation

Front 253

Acetylcholine, norepinephrine, dopamine, serotonin, GABA, glycine, glutamate, and NO are all considered?

Back 253

Neurotransmitters

Front 254

Endorphins, enkephalins, VIP are condisered?

Back 254

Neuropeptides

Front 255

There are two pathways of the The anterolateral (spinothalamic) pathways what are they?

Back 255

Lateral spinothalamic tract
Anterior (ventral) spinothalamic tract

Front 256

The lateral spinothalamic tract transmits signals for?

Back 256

Pain and temperature

Front 257

The anterior (ventral) spinothalamic tract transmits signals for?

Back 257

Crude touch, tickle, pressure, itch

Front 258

In the spinothalamic pathway, both tracts (lateral and anterior (ventral)) spinothalamic tracts enter where?

Back 258

The dorsal gray horn and almost immeduately synapse with second order neurons.

Front 259

In the spinothalamic pathway, the axon of the 2nd order neuron decussates hwere?

Back 259

through the gray commissure and enters lateral or anterior tract, depending upon the modality being carried.

Front 260

In the spinothalamic pathway, the 2nd order neuron passes thru the brain stem to connect with the 3rd order neuron where?

Back 260

Thaamus

Front 261

In the spinothalamic pathway, the 3rd order neuron synapses where?

Back 261

Cortical neuron where perception of the modality occurs.

Front 262

The lateral pinothalmic tract carry what type of impulses?

Back 262

Pain, temperature sensations

Front 263

The anterior spinothalmic tract carry what type of impulses?

Back 263

Crude touch, pressure sensations

Front 264

A protective mechamism of the body that cause individual to remove itself from a stimulus is?

Back 264

Pain

Front 265

There are two types of pain?

Back 265

Fast pain - felf with 0.1 sec, sharp pain
Slow pain - last longer, throbbing or aching in nature

Front 266

All pain receptors are?

Back 266

Free nerve endings

Front 267

There are multiple types pain stimuli, what are they?

Back 267

Mechanical (stretch)
Thermal
Chemical (chemical mediators)

Front 268

Chemical pain mediators are what?

Back 268

Bradykinin, serotonin, histamine, potassium ions, acids, acetylcholine, proteolytic enzymes

Front 269

Which substances enhance the sensitivity of pain?

Back 269

Prostaglandins and Substance P

Front 270

Pain that is elicited by mechanical and thermal stimuli is considered?

Back 270

Fast pain

Front 271

This pain can be elicited by all three types of stimuli (mechanical, thermal, chemical)?

Back 271

Slow pain

Front 272

Pain receptors do or do not adapt to the stimulus?

Back 272

Do not

Front 273

The rate of pain is most often caused by?

Back 273

The rate of tissue damage

Front 274

This chemical mediator causes the most pain and may be the single agent most responsible for causeing the tissue damage type of pain?

Back 274

Bradykinin

Front 275

Fast pain is transmitted by what type fibers?

Back 275

A-delta, myelinated

Front 276

Slow pain is transmitteed by what type of fibers?

Back 276

Type-C unmyelinated

Front 277

Fast pain fibers are transmitted in the?

Back 277

Neospinothalamic tract

Front 278

Slow pain fibers are transmitted in the?

Back 278

Paleospinothalamic tract

Front 279

The pathway for fast sharp pain is?

Back 279

Fast and slow pathways are activated,
A-delta, and Type-C fibers enter dorsal spinal cord and divide and ether ascend or descend 1-3 segments in the Tract of Lossauer;
After leaving tract of lissauer, axons of A-delta fibers enter dorsal horm, and terminate in Rexed's lamin I & V.
2nd order neurons leaving Lamina I&V cross to contralateral lateral spinothalamic tract and ascend to the brain

Front 280

The site of summation for incoming information is at the ?

Back 280

Axon Hillock

Front 281

Terminal buttons form the?

Back 281

Presynaptic neuron of the synapse

Front 282

Mitochondria is usually plentifyl in what region of the neuron?

Back 282

Presynaptic terminal or (end bulb)

Front 283

The presynaptic membranes contain voltage-gated calcium channels that cause?

Back 283

Depolarization of presynaptic membrane by an action potential which opens Ca channels,
Influx of Ca induces release of neurotransmitter,
which results in fusion of synaptic vessel to membrane and release of transmiter by exocytosis

Front 284

Transmitters that open sodium channels ______ the postsynaptic neuron.

Back 284

Excite

Front 285

What cause us to be able to compreshend quality of pain?

Back 285

Cortex

Front 286

What are the three major componets of the analgesia system used to modulate pain?

Back 286

Periaqueductal Gray and Periventricular areas;
Raphe magnus nucleu;
Pain inhibitory complex in the dorsal horns of the spinal cord

Front 287

The three major components of the analgesia system that modulates pain are what type of tracts?

Back 287

Descending spinal cord tracts

Front 288

In higher brain levels, the periventricular neclei of the hypothalamus, and the medual forebrain bundle can activate theperiaqueductal gray region and suppress pain by cause the release of what?

Back 288

Endorphins and or enkephalins

Front 289

Nerve fibers in the periventricular nucleus and the periaqueductal gray area secrete what?

Back 289

Enkephalins at their nerve endings

Front 290

Nerve fibers from the Raphe magnus secrete what at their nerve endings?

Back 290

Serotinin

Front 291

This causes the local neurons to secrete enkephalins?

Back 291

Serotonin

Front 292

Enkephalins are believed to cause both pre- and post-synaptic inhibition of what fibers where they synaps in the dorsal horn?

Back 292

Type-C and A-delta fibers

Front 293

Substance P is released from where?

Back 293

Substantial Gelatinosa in the spinal cord.

Front 294

Substance P is a neurotransmitter for what type pain fibers?

Back 294

Type C pain fibers

Front 295

What is the bodies way to take care of pain?

Back 295

RElease less substance-P, causes fewer pain impulses to be sent up the ascending tract in the lateral spinothalamic tract.

Front 296

When released, enkephalins decrease the release of what substance that inhibits pain perception?

Back 296

Substance P

Front 297

The descending dorsolateral tract does what to pain?

Back 297

Modulates pain

Front 298

IV Opioids produce analgesia in part by initiating action potentials where?

Back 298

In the descending dorsolateral funiculus

Front 299

There are two kinds of analgesia that occurs, what are they?

Back 299

Supra-spinal anelgesia
Spinal anelgesia

Front 300

Opioids act in the brain at what sites?

Back 300

Limbic system, hypothalamus, and thalamus

Front 301

Supraspinal analgesia is mediated by what?

Back 301

Mu-1, Kappa, and delta receptors

Front 302

The dominant receptor mediating supraspinal analgesia is?

Back 302

Mu-1 receptor

Front 303

The a patient responds to pain as "I feel pain, but I dont care", this is what type of alalgesia?

Back 303

Supraspinal analgesia

Front 304

Spinal analgesia is mediated primarily by?

Back 304

Mu-2 receptors

Front 305

Spinal alalgesia occurs when the number of pain impulses is decreased where?

Back 305

Substantia gelatinosa

Front 306

Spinal analgesia receptors are?

Back 306

Mu-1, Mu-2, Kappa, and deltal receptors

Front 307

The dominant receptor mediating spinal analgesia is what?

Back 307

Mu-2 receptor

Front 308

Enkephlin will work at the same opioid sites as?

Back 308

Mu-2 receptors

Front 309

Each spinal nerve innervates a segmental areas of skin designated as a?

Back 309

Dermatome

Front 310

A dermatome map is useful in determining what?

Back 310

Level of spinal cord injury;
Level of sensory anesthesia produced by regional anestheia

Front 311

How many dorsal nerve roots need or have to be interrupted to produce complete denervation of a dermatome?

Back 311

3

Front 312

What are the important dermatome landmarks?
Clavicle
Niples
Xiphoid
Umbilicus
Tibia
Perineum

Back 312

C4
T4
T6
T10
L4-5
S2-5

Front 313

Several "opiate-like" substances have been identified, and broken down into three large molecules, what are they?

Back 313

Proopiomelanocortin; Proenkephalin; and Prodynorphin

Front 314

The major opiate substances are?

Back 314

B-endorphin, Met-enkephalin, Leu-enkephalin, Dynorphin

Front 315

Enkephalins and Dynorphins are found where?

Back 315

In the brain stem and spinal cord

Front 316

The B-endorphins are found where?

Back 316

Hypothalamus nad pituitary gland

Front 317

Pain from an internal organ that is perceived to originate from a distant area of the skin is considered?

Back 317

Referred pain

Front 318

Causes of visceral pain are?

Back 318

Ischemia
Chemical irritation
Spasm of a hollow viscus
Overdistension of a hollow viscus

Front 319

Brain tissue is sensitive or insensitive to pain?

Back 319

Insensitive

Front 320

Inflammation of the meninges resulting in a severe headache is called?

Back 320

Meningitis

Front 321

This type of headache Results form abnormal vascular phenomenon?

Back 321

Migraine

Front 322

Things that can cause incracranial headaches are?

Back 322

Menigitis, Migraine, Low CSF, Hangover