(Pj) Chapter 10: Light And Optics

Front 1

Electromagnetic Spectrum

Back 1

(High energy to Low energy )
Gamma -- X Ray -- Soft X Ray -- UV -- Visible -- Infrared -- Microwave -- Radio Wave

Front 2

Visible Spectrum

Back 2

ROY G BIV

SHORT WAVELENGTH = HIGH ENERGY

Front 3

Frequency x Wavelength

Back 3

Speed of light

Front 4

What is the speed of light?

Back 4

3 x 10^8 m/s

Front 5

An object that is red is doing what with the light that is hitting its surface?

Back 5

A red object is absorbing all colors with the exception of red. Red light is being reflected by the object.

Front 6

Rectilinear Propagation

Back 6

When a ray of light moves in a straight line

Front 7

Geometrical Optics

Back 7

The study of light at the surface of a media

Front 8

Reflection

Back 8

When a light ray moving in one media strikes the surface of another media and is directed back into the initial media

Front 9

Angle of Reflection vs Angle of Incidence

Back 9

Angle of incidence of the angle created by the normal line and the initial light ray. The angle of incidence is angle created by the ray that gets reflected and the normal

Front 10

Normal line

Back 10

A line that is perpendicular to the surface struck by the light ray

Front 11

Real Image

Back 11

Real images are created when light rays actually pass through the image itself. In this case, light is actually converging on the point of the image

Front 12

Virtual Image

Back 12

Virtual images are created when light rays 'act' as though they pass through the image. It only seems like light is converging at a certain point.

Front 13

Images created by Plane Mirror

Back 13

A plane mirror will ALWAYS create a VIRTUAL IMAGE. It will always give the appearance that light is going through the image

Front 14

Center of Curvature (C)

Back 14

Take the length of the radius of curvature. Add the length to the vertex. The point will give you the center of curvature

Front 15

Radius and Center of Curvature of Convex and Concave Mirrors

Back 15

For a concave mirror, the center and radius of curvature will be in front of the mirror. For a convex mirror, the center and radius of curvature will be behind the mirror

Front 16

Converging and Diverging Mirror

Back 16

Concave mirrors are converging in that they will focus light onto one point while convex mirrors are diverging in that they will separate light rays

Front 17

Focal point of converging and diverging mirrors

Back 17

Converging mirrors will always have a POSITIVE focal point and diverging mirrors will always have a NEGATIVE focal point.

Front 18

What happens when an object is at the focal point?

Back 18

If an object is at the focal point the reflected rays will be at infinity since the light rays will travel parallel.

Front 19

What does it mean for an object to have a negative distance based on the equation 1/o + 1/i = 1/f = 2/r?

Back 19

It means that the image is a virtual image and will be behind the mirror.

Front 20

Negative-Positive Magnification

Back 20

If an image has a negative magnification it means that the image is inverted while if it has a positive magnification then the image is upright

Front 21

Magnification < or > than 1.

Back 21

If the magnification is greater than one than the image will be larger. If the magnification is less than one then the image will be smaller

Front 22

On a concave lens, an object is in BETWEEN the center of curvature and the focal point. What will the image be like?

Back 22

If an object is in between the center of curvature and the focal point, the image will be a real image that is inverted and larger.

Front 23

On a concave lens, an object is at the focal point. What will the image be like?

Back 23

There will be no image of the object is at the focal point.

Front 24

One a concave lens, an object is in front of the focal point (in between the focal point and the lens itself). What will the image be like?

Back 24

It will form a virtual image that is upright and larger.

Front 25

Positive vs Negative Focal Point

Back 25

A positive focal point is a feature of concave mirrors while a negative focal point is a feature of convex mirrors.

Front 26

Positive vs Negative Radius of Curvature

Back 26

A positive radius of curvature if found by concave mirrors while a negative radius of curvature if found by convex mirrors.

Front 27

Do the units of the mirror equation matter?

Back 27

No. The units you use do not matter as long as you stay consistent.

Front 28

Sign for image behind mirror?
Sign for image in front of mirror?

Back 28

Negative. Positive.

Front 29

Refraction

Back 29

When light bends as it moves from one type of media to another

Front 30

What happens to light as it moves from a medium of higher index of refraction to a lower index of refraction?

Back 30

If light enters a media that has a higher index of refraction it will bend toward the normal. If it enters a media that has a lower index of refraction it will bend away from the normal

Front 31

Snells Law

Back 31

If you have the index of refraction of both media and the angle at which the light ray moves from one media to the other then you can calculate the angle at which the refracted ray will travel in the new media

Front 32

Total Internal Reflection

Back 32

A light source travels from a high media to a lower media. As the light ray moves from one media to the next, refracted ray travels out of the other media. As the incident angle (the angle that is made between the incident ray coming the higher media) the angle of refraction also increases to the point where it begins bending back into the media. This of it this way, the angle is between the refracted ray and the normal. As the angle of incidence increases, the refracted ray moves further and further from the normal to the point where it does not escape the other media

Front 33

Critical Angle

Back 33

This is the angle at which total internal reflection occurs.

Front 34

Ray Tracing Technique

Back 34

Follow the ray and divide into into a top half and a bottom half. One of the halves is going to get blocked first. What ever side that is, the ray will go in the direction of the half that is not blocked.

Front 35

Real side vs Virtual Side in lenses

Back 35

The Real Side is the side the light TRAVELS TO (opposite where the light came from). The Virtual Side is the side of the lens where the light originates

Front 36

Real Side vs Virtual Side in mirrors

Back 36

The Real Side will always be where the light is. The light can only be on one side of the mirror so that must be the Real Side. The Virtual Side is the side of the mirror where you see the image. It is the side the seems like light is coming from it

Front 37

Focal Length for mirrors and lenses

Back 37

Converging mirrors and lenses have positive focal length while diverging mirrors and lenses have negative focal lengths.

Front 38

How is the strength of a lens measured?

Back 38

The strength of a lens is measured in a Diopters in which P = 1/F

Front 39

In in multiple lens system, how can you find the total magnification?

Back 39

The total magnification is given by simply multiplying all the magnifications

Front 40

What is an example of a contact lens system?

Back 40

Corrective Lenses

Front 41

How do you find that total power of a multiple lens system?

Back 41

You add all the powers of the system together. If all you have is the focal lengths, that's fine because P = 1/F so just sum all the 1/F values

Front 42

Sign of Radius of Curvature

Back 42

If the center of the radius of curvature is on the R side then it will be positive and if its on the virtual side then it will be negative

Front 43

Dispersion

Back 43

When a ray of light is composed of different light rays which travel at different velocities due to wavelength.

Front 44

When white light is passed through a prism, why is red on top of the spectrum and violet on the bottom?

Back 44

Because violet experiences much more 'resistance' given it's higher energy shorter wave length

Front 45

Diffraction

Back 45

When light passes through a slit (the slight size is on the order of nanometers) the light will spread out.

Front 46

What happens when the slit of a diffraction grating is narrowed?

Back 46

The light rays will spread out even more

Front 47

In a diffraction grating, what will you see when the light hits a surface?

Back 47

You will see a series of alternating light and dark bands. The central band will be the brightest and two times as large as the other bands.

Front 48

Young's Double Split Experiment

Back 48

This experiment showed that light was a wave. In this experiment, Young showed that light will produce an interference pattern where some areas of the light will add constructively resulting in bright bands and other areas of light will add destructively resulting in darker bands