Pinciples Of Learning And Teaching Grades K-6 Test 0522

Front 1

At about what age do children enter adolescence? Boys___ Girls___

Back 1

Boys about 12, Girls about 10

Front 2

Who provided an experimental basis for behavorism?

Back 2

Ivan Petrovich Pavlov with his experiments on dogs. Classical Conditioning (also Pavlovian or Respondent Conditioning) is a form of associative learning. He would ring a bell just before feeding the dog. After the conditioning the dog would salivate from just hearing the bell.

Front 3

What is associative learning?

Back 3

Associative learning is the process by which an element is learned through association with a separate, pre-occurring element.

Front 4

What are the stages of mental representation that children pass through on their way to an adult level of intelligence according to Jean Piaget's Theory of Cognitive Development?

Back 4

The four stages, roughly correlated with age, are as follows:

Sensorimotor period (years 0–2)
Preoperational period (years 2–7)
Concrete operational period (years 7–11)
Formal operational period (years 12 and up)

Front 5

How did Erik Homberger Erikson disagree with Freud?

Back 5

Erikson recognized the basic notions of Freudian theory, but believed that Freud misjudged some important dimensions of human development. Erikson said that humans develop throughout their life span, while Freud said that our personality is shaped by the age of five. Erikson developed eight psychosocial stages that humans encounter throughout their life. The stages are Trust vs. Mistrust, Autonomy vs. Shame & Doubt, Initiative vs. Guilt, Industry vs. Inferiority, Identity vs. Role Confusion, Intimacy vs. Isolation, Generativity vs. Stagnation, and Integrity vs. Despair.

Front 6

Generally speaking, what moral behavior do children exhibit in Kohlberg's stage of Preconventional Morality?

Back 6

N conscience, no clear morality

Front 7

What do social learning theorists mean when they talk about modeling?

Back 7

a general process in which persons serve as models for others, exhibiting the behavior to be imitated by the others[1][2] This process is most commonly discussed with respect to children in developmental psychology.

Front 8

What is neuro-linguistic programming (NLP)?

Back 8

It is a system of alternative therapy based on this which seeks to educate people in self-awareness and effective communication, and to change their patterns of mental and emotional behaviour developed by Richard Bandler and linguist John Grinder.

Front 9

Which has the most significant impact on human development, nature or nurture?

Back 9

The nature versus nurture debates concern the relative importance of an individual's innate qualities ("nature", i.e. nativism, or innatism) versus personal experiences ("nurture", i.e. empiricism or behaviorism) in determining or causing individual differences in physical and behavioral traits. This issue remains unresolved.

Front 10

About what percent of American families have children, a mother at home, and a father at work?

Back 10

About 10 percent

Front 11

What is the most used and abused drug?

Back 11

Alcohol.

Front 12

About what percent of those who commit serious crimes are caught?

Back 12

About 30%.

Front 13

Which ethnic group in America has the highest suicide and alcoholism rates?

Back 13

American Indian.

Front 14

How is the HIV virus transmitted?

Back 14

The HIV virus is transmitted through the excange of bodily fluids and blood. The four major routes of transmission are unprotected sexual intercourse, contaminated needles, breast milk, and transmission from an infected mother to her baby at birth (Vertical transmission).

Front 15

Planning for instruction begins with what first step?

Back 15

Write an objective. This may be stated as behavioral objectives (what the student is expected to be able to do upon completion of the lesson) or as knowledge objectives (what the student is expected to know upon completion of the lesson).

Front 16

What is taxonomy that was proposed in 1956 by Benjamin Bloom?

Back 16

The Taxonomy of Educational Objectives, often called Bloom's Taxonomy, is a classification of the different objectives that educators set for students (learning objectives). Bloom's Taxonomy divides educational objectives into three "domains:" Affective, Psychomotor, and Cognitive.

Front 17

What is the highest order of thinking in the cognitive domain?

Back 17

Evaluation.

Front 18

What domain describes the way people react emotionally and their ability to feel another living thing's pain or joy and what are the levels?

Back 18

Affective Domain.
There are five levels in the affective domain moving through the lowest order processes to the highest:

Receiving
The lowest level; the student passively pays attention. Without this level no learning can occur.
Responding
The student actively participates in the learning process, not only attends to a stimulus; the student also reacts in some way.
Valuing
The student attaches a value to an object, phenomenon, or piece of information.
Organizing
The student can put together different values, information, and ideas and accommodate them within his/her own schema; comparing, relating and elaborating on what has been learned.
Characterizing
The student holds a particular value or belief that now exerts influence on his/her behaviour so that it becomes a characteristic.

Front 19

What types of diverity might require modification of objectives?

Back 19

Academic, Cultural, Linguistic

Front 20

What should an objective describe?

Back 20

It should describe what a student should know or be able to do after instruction.

Front 21

What are prerequisite competencies?

Back 21

prerequisite competencies are what a student know or be able to do before instruction.

Front 22

According to Madeline Hunter, what is an anticipatory set?

Back 22

An anticipatory set according Madeline Hunter is something that is done or said to focus students on the lesson.

Front 23

What is Instructional Theory into Practice (ITIP)?

Back 23

Instructional Theory into Practice (ITIP) is a teaching model on inservice/staff development program widely used during the 1970's and 80's developed by Madeline Hunter.

Front 24

Describe formative evaluation.

Back 24

Formative evaluation is done with a small group to "test run" various aspects of instructional materials. An educator analyzes the performance of a student during the teaching/intervention process and compare this data to the baseline data. There are four visual criteria that can be applied (Kazdin, 1982): 1)Change in mean, 2)Change in level or discontinuity of performance, 3)Change in trend or rate of change, 4)Latency of change (Thomas & Grimes, 2008).

Front 25

What is the most common error made when reading standardized test reports?

Back 25

The most common error made when reading standardized test reports is looking at a single score instead of a range of scores.

Front 26

What is content validity?

Back 26

Content validity (also known as logical validity) refers to the extent to which a measure represents all facets of a given social concept.

Front 27

What is authentic assessment?

Back 27

Authentic assessment is an umbrella concept that refers to the measurement of "intellectual accomplishments that are worthwhile, significant, and meaningful," as compared to multiple choice standardized tests.
Authentic assessment tends to focus on complex or contextualised tasks, enabling students to demonstrate their competency in a more 'authentic' setting. Examples of authentic assessments include:

performance of the skills, or demonstrating use of a particular knowledge
simulations and role plays
studio portfolios, strategically selecting items
exhibitions and displays

Front 28

What factor correlates most highly with normed scores?

Back 28

Socioeconomic status (SES) is an economic and sociological combined total measure of a person's work experience and of an individual's or family’s economic and social position relative to others, based on income, education, and occupation.

Front 29

What is extrinsic motivation?

Back 29

Extrinsic motivation comes from outside of the performer. Money is the most obvious example, but coercion and threat of punishment are also common extrinsic motivations.

Front 30

Do students learn more when they are being taught or when they are working independently?

Back 30

Students learn more when they are being taught.

Front 31

Lectures and explanations are most effective when they begin with what first step?

Back 31

The lesson begins with a motivation.

Front 32

Using Bloom's Taxonomy what levels of questions should be asked in classrooms?

Back 32

Question should be asked at all levels.

Front 33

How long should a teacher wait for a student to respond to a question?

Back 33

Four to five seconds is the proper wait time depending on the student.

Front 34

What types of questions do teachers ask in a student centered classroom?

Back 34

Teachers questions are more open ended and indirect. Students will be encouraged to be more active in the in the class.

Front 35

What important aspects characterized active learning?

Back 35

Students will be encouraged to be more active in the in the class. This type of instruction characterized by student initiated comments praise from the teacher and the teacher's use of student ideas.

Front 36

What is the last step in inquiry learning?

Back 36

Metacognition-- that is, students analyze their thought processes.

Front 37

How would you adapt instruction for learning disabled students?

Back 37

Provides structured brief assignments, manipulative activities, and auditory learning.(Personally I would add multi-sensory approach to the activities. Some students are kinetic visual learners instead of auditory visual learners.)

Front 38

Where do most seventh and eighth graders typically turn for leadership?

Back 38

In the seventh through 10th grades, students turn to their peer group for leadership and resist teachers' authority.

Front 39

List three characteristics of successful teachers.

Back 39

Accepts children within a teacher-student relationship.
Set firm and clear but flexible limits.
Enforces rules clearly and consistently.
Have positive, realistic expectations about students' achievements and adaptations.
Clear reasons for expectations about students.
Practice what they preach (model expectable behavior).
Don't take student actions personally. Students usually misbehave or act out because of who they are, not because of who the teacher is.

Front 40

Overall, what factor correlates most highly with school achievement?

Back 40

SES(socio-economic status) be socioeconomic status of students correlates with how they perform on achievement testing.

Front 41

Initially, much to the teacher arrange classroom seating?

Back 41

So that they can see the faces of all the students.

Front 42

Kounin's approach of with-it-ness has been shown to be an effective disciplinary technique. What is with-it-ness?

Back 42

with-it-ness means that the teacher is constantly monitoring and aware of what is happening in the classroom.

Front 43

Under the approach recommended by Canter and Canter, how should a teacher respond when students break rules during class?

Back 43

Writes the names of the students on the board
one violation equals no action
two violations equals conference
three violations equals parent conference

Front 44

What are nonverbal cues?

Back 44

A silent gesture or signal to alert students to a transition gain students attention.

Front 45

How can modeling change student behavior?

Back 45

Students who observe a person behaving a particular way often emulate that person.

Front 46

How can negative reinforcement change student behavior?

Back 46

Negative reinforcement means showing students how to avoid undesirable consequences by doing acceptable work.

Front 47

In one order or were sound and word meaning taught in a phonetic approach?

Back 47

In the phonetic approach word sounds are taught first followed by word meaning.

Front 48

What role does spelling and grammar play in a whole language approach to teaching reading?

Back 48

Spelling and grammar are considered less important than the ability to communicate effectively.

Front 49

Which groups are in a deep in the United States are legally responsible for education?

Back 49

In the United States it is each state's responsibility to provide an education to its citizens.

Front 50

How has the acculturation of ethnic groups changed during the last 40 years?

Back 50

Recent immigrants have been less acculturated and have maintained more of their cultural identity and language.

Front 51

What federal document establishes responsibility for education?

Back 51

Constitution of the United States establishes the states responsibility for education.

Front 52

Win in the process of hiring and dismissing teachers may "reverse discrimination" the legal?

Back 52

"Reverse discrimination" may be legal when hiring teachers but is not for the dismissal of teachers.

Front 53

What limits have the courts placed on the free speech rights of teachers?

Back 53

Teachers cannot disrupt the curriculum or the schools.

Front 54

How may students publish a paper not subject to review and editing by school officials?

Back 54

Students can publish a paper without having it reviewed or edited by school officials if it's produced and published without school funds and off school property.

Front 55

About when and where did formal education began?

Back 55

Records indicate that formal education began about 2000 B.C. in northern Africa and China. These formal education that has led to our educational system began about 500 B.C. in Athens Greece.

Front 56

Which educator is credited with establishing the kindergarten?

Back 56

Froebel established the first kindergarten with interest the own social development and learning through experience.

Front 57

Where did dame schools offer classes?

Back 57

A dame school was an early form of a private elementary school in English-speaking countries in 1600 and 1700's. They were usually taught by women and were often located in the home of the teacher.

Front 58

What was the primary teaching device during the American colonial period?

Back 58

Horn books, the alphabet covered by a transparent horn, where the predominant teaching device of the colonial period.

Front 59

What was the main feature of Dewey's progressive schools?

Back 59

Aggressive schools sought to build a curriculum around the child rather than around the subject matter.

Front 60

How did PL 94-142 impact American education?

Back 60

It mandated an appropriate education in the least restrictive environment for handicapped Americans age 3 to 21.

Front 61

In order to assess what a student learned in a mathematics class a teacher would need to know...

Back 61

what the student knew before the lesson began.

Front 62

Many students in your fifth-grade class are hesitant to choose their own books because their interest are a few. How could you devise a book list to promote reading about new topics?

Back 62

You can list books by the topics and related topics.

Front 63

Because of the drought a whole town is sharply reduced water usage. How is a teacher most likely to gain students' participation in this effort?

Back 63

He/She can suggest contacting the local government and find out how he/she and the students can help.

Front 64

What is a conservation task?

Back 64

Conservation tasks test a child's ability to recognise that certain properties are conserved, or are invariant, after an object, or set of objects, undergo physical transformations. These properties can include virtually anything – number, volume, length, or amount of matter in an object, for example.

Front 65

According to Jean Piaget, what is a way to assess a young student ability to name the number of elements in a set?

Back 65

A classic test for the ability to conserve number is line up two rows of counters, each containing the same number, and arrange them so that each counter is paired up with another. When asked to compare the two rows, children of course say they are the same. Then one row is spread out so that the space between each counter increases, thus making one row longer than the other. When asked to compare the rows now, the children who have not fully developed the ability to conserve number claim that the longer row has more counters. This can happen even after the child has counted the rows and found them to be the same in number. It appears that the impact of the change in physical size of the row overrides the fact that the two rows were clearly the same in number when they were both of the same length.

Front 66

What is a conservation task?

Back 66

Conservation tasks test a child's ability to recognise that certain properties are conserved, or are invariant, after an object, or set of objects, undergo physical transformations. These properties can include virtually anything – number, volume, length, or amount of matter in an object, for example.

Front 67

What are Kohlberg's stages of moral development?

Back 67

Expanding on Piaget's work, Kohlberg determined that the process of moral development was principally concerned with justice, and that it continued throughout the individual's lifetime. There are six stages on three levels; Level 1 (Pre-Conventional) 1. Obedience and punishment orientation (How can I avoid punishment?) 2. Self-interest orientation (What's in it for me?)
Level 2 (Conventional) 3. Interpersonal accord and conformity (Social norms) (The good boy/good girl attitude) 4. Authority and social-order maintaining orientation (Law and order morality)
Level 3 (Post-Conventional) 5. Social contract orientation 6. Universal ethical principles (Principled conscience)

Front 68

What Is Scaffolding in Teaching?

Back 68

Scaffolding is the assistance (parameters, rules or suggestions) a teacher gives a student in a learning situation. Scaffolding allows the student to have help with only the skills that are new or beyond her ability. One conceptual example is training wheels.

Front 69

What are some scaffolding teaching techniques for the classroom?

Back 69

A teacher's dialogue with a class aims to scaffold the learning with pointers, clues and questions. The scaffolding might also include text, such as a list of instructions, points to remember, a diagram illustrating a process or a paragraph with partially completed sentences that the children need to finish.

Front 70

What is Reciprocal teaching?

Back 70

Reciprocal teaching is a method of teaching that places the student in the role of the teacher, which often reinforces the information and opens up a dialog about the subject matter.

Front 71

What is an anti-bias curriculum?

Back 71

An anti-bias curriculum is an activist approach which its proponents claim challenges forms of what they deems prejudices, such as racism, sexism, ableism/disablism, ageism, homophobia, and other –isms.

Front 72

What is the mccarthy's 4mat system?

Back 72

According to Bernice McCarthy, developer of the 4MAT system, there are four major learning styles, each of which asks different questions and displays different strengths during the learning process.
WHY? (Motivate and Develop Meaning) 1. Create an experience (CONNECT) 2. Analyze/reflect about the experience (EXAMINE)
WHAT? (Reflection and Concept Development) 3. Integrate reflective analysis into concepts (IMAGE) 4. Develop concepts/skills (DEFINE)
HOW?(Usefulness & Skill Development) 5. Practice defined "givens" (BY) 6. Practice and add something of oneself (EXTEND)
IF? (Adaptations) 7. Analyze application for relevance (REFINE) 8. Do it and apply to more complex experience (INTEGRATE)

Front 73

What are Piaget's stages of cognitive development?

Back 73

Piaget outlined four stages of cognitive development: Sensorimotor, Preoperational, Concrete Operational, and Formal Operational.

Front 74

What are Howard Gardner's eight types of intelligence in his theory of multiple intelligences?

Back 74

They are Spatial, Linguistic, Logical-mathematical, Bodily-kinesthetic, Musical
Interpersonal, Intrapersonal
Naturalistic with Existential, the ability to contemplate phenomena or questions beyond sensory data, such as the infinite and infinitesimal as know accepted ninth.

Front 75

When is a child referred to a Teacher Support Team (TST) and what is a TST's purpose?

Back 75

A child referred to a Teacher Support Team (TST) when Tier I such as the general curriculum, and Tier II, such as focused supplemental instruction, are not working for the child in the regular classroom. A TST's purpose to make recommendations on how to help the child progress.