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44 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Define Boar
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entire male pig.
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Barrow
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castrated male pig
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Gilt
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female who hasnt had piglets
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Sow
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female who had piglets
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Piglet
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it has not been weaned
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Weaner
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18-24days 30kg
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Grower
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more thatn 30kg
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FInisher
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more than 60kg
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Farrowing
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giving birth
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Parity
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number of farrowing
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What is sort of pig is white with pointy ears
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large white
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Oestrus cycle
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3 weeks.
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gestation
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115days
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Slaughter weight
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114kg at about 26weeks
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Describe whats wrong with murdoch biosecurity.
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check notes
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At what air speed is suitable for piglets?
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no more than 0.2m/s at piglet level.
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What is the ideal temperature for sows, before, during and after farrowing?
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16 two days prior to farrowing, 20 during farrowing and 16C another two days after farrowing.
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What teperature is suitable for newly born piglets?
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30C
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Name me 8 EADs.
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Nipah, PMWS/PCVAD. TGE/PED, Foot and mouth disease, african swine flu, Classical swine fever, PRRS, Aujeskys, Swine Flu
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What sort of virus is PCVAD?
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Circovirus are small non-enveloped DNA virus containing a unique single-stranded circular genome
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When does PCVAD affect pigs. When is it most common and why?
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4-16weeks. especially 8-12weeks ==> loss of maternal antibodies.
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Describe the pathogenesis for PCVAD?
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Immune system stimulation
– Activated T cells required for PCV2 replication – Virus accumulates in follicular dendritic cells, histiocytes and macrophages – Immune system no longer responds to infection (recognition) |
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What are the 10 clinical signs of PCVAD?
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Wasting after successfully weaning
Fever Anaemia Jaundice Lymphadenopathy Respiratory Symptoms Gastric ulcers PDNS Doubling of Mortality Poor response to antibiotic therapy |
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How do you prevent PCVAD?
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Vaccinate progeny! all in all out, 4 week weaning.
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What are the clinical signs of classical and african swine fever? IN Naiive herds?
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Initially a few pigs appear drowsy and less active, with some
anorexia and they may appear chilled Within days, pigs will present with a marked fever (41-42•C), sometimes with a reddening of the skin The pigs develop a conjunctivitis and constipation leading to yellowish diarrhoea The pigs appear chilled and will huddle together. A few pigs may convulse before they die Pigs start to die with a spreading purple discoloration of the skin. Death often occurs some 10 to 20 days post-infection Pigs which survive will be chronically affected with severe retardation of growth and often present with arched backs In the adult herd, returns, abortions, and an increase in mummified and stillborn piglets |
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What are the clinical signs of classical and african swine fever? IN established herds?
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Abortion
Piglets infected from their mothers during pregnancy can result in, mummification, malformations (may present with a congenital tremor with cerebral hypoplasia with CSF), stillbirths and weak born piglets. Piglets born from CSF infected mothers may remain healthy but continually spread the disease through out their lives |
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What are the DDX for swine fevers?
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PDNS
Salmonellosis Acute Pasteurellosis Erysipelas Acute septicaemic streptococcal infections Thrombocytopaenia Warfarin poisoning Reproductive diseases Other causes of congenital tremor |
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What are the key epidemiology of NIpah virus? Name 3
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a paramyxovirus closely related to the
Hendra virus Can affect weaners, growers and finishers and adults ZOONOTIC |
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List clinical signs for weaners and adults affected by Nipah virus.
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Weaners
Mild to severe coughing. High morbidity but low mortality Adult Pigs Moderate to severe respiratory signs with dyspnoea, convulsions and death. Death can occur within several hours. |
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What are the clinical signs of pseudorabies? In all classes of pigs.
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Neonatal pigs
Range of severe central nervous signs from fitting to severe incoordination. The piglets often present sitting like a dog due to posterior paralysis. Mortality is high Weaned pigs Central nervous signs may be reduced and an increase in respiratory signs. Respiratory diseases often associated with secondary infections. Animals can waste and suffer ill thrift and are often stunted Growing pigs The CNS signs reduce and the respiratory signs increase. The degree of respiratory disease depends on secondary infections Adults Reproductive signs predominate. Sows may abort and animals infected close to term give birth to stillborn or weak piglets |
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Describe the clinical signs of PRRS
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Fever
Decreased appetite Rough hair coat, illthrifty pigs Increased respiratory problems, pneumonia and atrophic rhinitis Increased secondary bacterial infections for example meningitis, Greasy pig disease Increased mortality North America strains can cause major reproductive problems with “abortion storms” |
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Describe the clinical signs of Swine Influenza.
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Nasal discharge and puffy eyes
Fever 40.5-41.5•C As the disease progresses loss of weight may be seen Mortality is generally low The high rectal temperature in breeding stock can result in abortions, infertility (a boar can become sub-fertile for 6 weeks), production of small weak litters and increased stillbirths Recovery generally starts 5 to 7 days after the first clinical signs |
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Describe TGE/PED. What age does it affect and whats the difference? How is it spread?
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Both are corona viruses
When first enters a herd: – Piglets less than 21 days generally all die – Weaners unthrifty – Growers, finishers and adults mildly affected Endemic in herd – post-weaning diarrhoea Spread by starlings? (trucks?). PED similar to TGE but slightly less severe. |
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Name all the possible reproductive causes of disease? 9
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Aujeszky’s Disease (Pseudorabies) (EAD)*
PRRS (EAD)* Parvovirus Leptospirosis Brucellosis PCV2 – cover next lecture PMC Japanese encephalitis (EAD)* Non infectious – covered previously |
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Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory
Syndrome (EAD). What is it? |
PRRS, Blue Ear Disease,
RNA enveloped virus Adult: Clinical signs generally reproductive, mild fever and anorexia Piglets through to finishing: respiratory clinical signs generally associated with secondary infections. Clinical signs depend on strain of virus, immune status of herd and management factors. |
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How is PrRs transmitted?
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Transmission:
– Pig to pig: (major means of spread) through infected faeces, urine, transplacentally (especially 3rd trimester) and milk to piglets without colostral antibodies – Needles / Insect bites: possible if blood transfer occurs – Air: but mainly when major outbreaks are present – Semen: Uncommon means but can occur. Probably only during major outbreak. |
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How do you prevent PPRS?
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– there is no carrier state
– immune sows recover from disease quickly – environmentally unstable so it is easy to kill with any disinfectant, heat etc. Can survive in water for 8-14 days. – <100 virus particles are needed for infection – expose gilts 90 days before mating – commerical vax or 2mL intranasal of diluted serum. – there is some cross-protection between serotypes of virus but not enough. – Gilt progeny some are positive vs sow progeny who tend to be negative. |
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What are the pathogenesis of PRRS?
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There are very few visible post-mortem changes
associated with PRRS, majority of the signs relate to secondary infections. Histologically the major finding is a interstitial pneumonia and lack of air spaces. The disease selectively kills the lung macrophage, essential for the defence of the lung. The macrophages are killed or damaged for 26 days. After 7 weeks of age the alveolar macrophage becomes more resistant to PRRS infection |
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What are the treatment options available for PRRS?
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There is no specific anti viral treatment for PRRS virus infection
The treatment regimes aim to minimise the effect of secondary infections. Aim to keep the pigs warm and in the draught free environment and possibly increase feed density to compensate for the anorexia. Review the control measures for the secondary infections with the practice SEW programmes can help to control the spread of the disease around the farm and minimise the effect of the disease on the farm's economy All-in/ all-out and hygiene are essential precursors to controlling the disease |
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How would you control PRRS?
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Current live vaccines result in excretion from vaccinated pigs
and therefore cannot be used on PRRS negative herds. The use of live vaccines in incoming breeding animals in PRRS +ve herds helps to maintain farm stability The vaccinated stock must be kept separate from the farm until shedding has stopped Autogenous vaccines from serum or tonsilar scrape therapy may be utilised to help gilt and boar introduction programmes. These should be restricted to the single farm Gilts and boars must be stabilised before service so an acclimatisation program is essential Killed vaccines generally confer no or little protection in naive animals, but it will reduce excretion of virus and assist reducing farm clinical signs in infected herds. Modified live vaccines – these can be very variable in response depending on the modification carried out. |
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When does parvo-virus attack and how can you prevent it?
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Generally only affects unborn piglets prior to
immunocompetency (day 70 gestation) in seronegative dams exposed <56 days gest. DNA non-enveloped parvovirus Maternal antibodies decline by 3-6 months of age Shed by various routes including semen (vax the boars) Control: Commercial vaccine (Parvac) given prior to mating and then 2 x yearly. |
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What is the most common serovar for leptospirosis and what organs does it affect?
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Leptospires have predilection for kidneys and uterus
Many different serovars: pig is maintenance host for Pomona, Australis and Tarassovi. Pomona most common serovar: – Introduced through infected stock, contaminated environment or infected animal vectors – Alkaline, damp environment required for leptospire survival – Endemic herds: Maternal antibodies will protect piglets until 12 weeks old |
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What are the pathogenesis for leptospirosis and how can you prevent it?
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Pathogenesis of infection:
– Enter through mucous membranes – Bacteraemia starts 1-2 d post-infection (lasts 1wk) – Antibodies appear in circulation after 5-10 d (peak at 3 weeks) – Leptospires localise in renal tubules (particularly first 3-4 wks post-infection) and uterus. – Abortions, stillbirths and birth of weak piglets. |
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What is brucellosis?
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Is present in feral pigs (QLD)
Brucella suis Venereal disease Bacteraemia for 5 weeks Severe placental infection – predilection Many pigs remain permanently infected ZOONOTIC |
