Pig

Front 1

Clostridium difficile in the colon of neonatal swine:
Produces which toxin?
Detection of the toxin was associated with which of the following parameters?
- diarrhea
- mesocolonic edema
- typhlitis
- colitis

Back 1

TCd
- typhlitis
- colitis
TCd+ animals were actually more likely to have normal to pelleted feces.

Hint 1

JVDI 19:52-59 (2007)

Front 2

Meconium staining of the skin of piglets:
Statistically associated with which of the following:
- fetal hypoxia
- meconium aspiration
- meconium aspiration syndrome
- rupture of the umbilical cord
- pneumonia
Which type of inflammatory response to aspiration of meconium is seen in the lungs?

Back 2

- fetal hypoxia
- rupture of umbilical cord
NOT pneumonia, meconium aspiration, meconium aspiration syndrome.
Meconium aspiration: PAS-positive. Granulomatous response.

Hint 2

JVDI 18:622-627 2006

Front 3

Mechanisms of porcine diarrheal disease:
Combine the correct etiology with the main mechanism of diarrhea:
* secretory diarrhea
* inflammatory diarrhea
* malabsorptive diarrhea
- Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC)
- Clostridium difficile
- Rotavirus
Explain shortly the pathogeneses.

Back 3

Secretory diarrhea: ETEC. k88 for colonizing (piglets have receptors for k88). Toxins: LT, STa, STb, EAST-1 (enteroaggregative E. coli heat-stable enterotoxin-1). LT -> cAMP -> PKA -> more Cl efflux and less Na influx.
ST -> cGMP -> PKG -> more Cl efflux and less Na influx.
Malabsorptive diarrhea: Rotavirus. Villus atrophy, crypt hyperplasia. SGLT-1 inhib -> Na/glucose cotransport inhib. Inhib instestinal disaccharidases. (Novel enterotoxin NSP4 -> secretion up). TGE coronavirus: brush border enzymes down.
Inflammatory diarrhea: Clostridium difficile. Toxin A/B -> tight junction disruption -> increased paracellular permeability; inflammation (histamine) -> secretion increases. Also Salmonella typhimurium: flagellin in host cell -> TLR5 -> IL8 -> neutrophils; PG production -> secretion up.

Hint 3

JAVMA 231:1 1/7/2007

Front 4

Distinction between porcine circovirus type 2 enteritis and porcine proliferative enteropathy caused by Lawsonia intracellularis:
Macroscopical difference?
Microscopical?

Back 4

Macro: oedema in mesocolon only in PCV2.
Micro:
Only in PCV2: proliferation of immature enterocytes, histiocytosis in lymphoid tissue, cytoplasmic inclusion bodies.
Only in L.i.: absence of goblet cells, disorganized and branched crypts.
BOTH: necrotizing ileitis/colitis, thick int. wall, hemorrh, villous atrophy, coag necrosis mucosa, elongation crypts, MNGC(!), lymphoid depletion and necrosis.

Hint 4

JCP 2006 235(4)176-82

Front 5

Gastroesophageal ulcers in swine: which bacteria and which dietary factor is implicated in a study where this lesion was reproduced in gnotobiontic swine?

Back 5

Helicobacter pylori-like bacteria (newly described; porcine origin).
Diet: high carbohydrate content (corn syrup).
(Helicobacter heilmannii: no lesions!)

Hint 5

Vet Pathol 43:956-962 (2006)

Front 6

Main lesions caused by fumonisin B1 in pigs?
And in horses?
Important biomarker for fumonisin B1 exposure?

Back 6

Fatal pulmonary edema in swine.
Leukoencephalomalacia in
horses.
Hepatotoxicity in all species studied.
Because of conformational similarity, fumonisin B1 is a dominant inhibitor of ceramide synthase that synthesizes complex sphingolipids from sphinganine and sphingosine. The sphinganine to sphingosine ratio is useful in determining sphingolipid alterations caused by the toxin. This article: apart from frozen tissue, formalin-fixed lung and liver tissues can also be used.

Hint 6

JVDI 19:425-430 (2007)

Front 7

Detection of IL-12 and IFN-gamma in pigs experimentally infected with Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae:
detected where? when?

Back 7

Associated with inflammation, particularly in macrophages and lymphocytes in thickened alveolar septa and hyperplastic BALT.
Highest at day 14 and 21 dpi, decreasing thereafter.
Macrophage production of IL12 -> lymphocyte production of IFNgamma -> macrophage IL12 (+ feedback) and ->Th1 response.

Hint 7

JCP 2007 136 79-82

Front 8

Influenza H1N2 in pigs:
Pneumonia most severe at 1, 3, 5, 7 or 10 days post-inoculation (dpi)?
In situ hybridization signals in which cells on 1 and 3 dpi? And on 7 and 10 dpi?

Back 8

1 dpi: severe pneumonia.
1 and 3 dpi: bronchial and bronchiolar epithelial cells.
7 and 10: pneumocytes and macrophages (alveolar and interstitial).

Hint 8

JCP 132(2-3):179-84 (2005)

Front 9

Role of Mx1 protein in porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus infection?

Back 9

Mx1 ('myxovirus resistance 1'); induced by IFN in macrophages; has antiviral properties in innate immmunity in early host defence. Is a member of the dynamin superfamily of high molecular weight GTPase. Inhibition of viral mRNA synthesis.

Hint 9

JCP 130(4):299-305

Front 10

Role of Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae in a dual infection with Porcine Circovirus type 2?

Back 10

Potentiates the severity of PCV2-associated lung and lymphoid lesions.
Increases the amount and prolongs the presence of PCV2 antigen.
Increases the incidence of Postweaning Multisystemic Wasting Syndrome.

Hint 10

Vet Pathol 41(6):624-40 (2004)

Front 11

Typical lesion of Actinomyces hyovaginalis in slaughter pigs?

Back 11

Circumscribed necrotic lung lesions; pyogranulomatous reaction with central area of necrosis.

Hint 11

JCP 129(1):70-7 (2003)

Front 12

Swine influenza:
- most frequently identified subtypes in pigs?
- H3N2 influenza strain has been isolated from which animal species?
- Gross?
- Histo?

Back 12

- H1N1, H1N2, H3N2
- dog, cat, monkey, cattle
- interstitial pneumonia, cranioventral lobes, sharply demarcated, purple and firm, interlobular edema, blood-tinged fibrinous exudate in airways, enlarged lnn.
- airways filled with exudate, widespread alveolar atelectasis, interstitial pneumonia, emphysema, peribronchial and perivascular cellular infiltration.

Hint 12

Veterinary Quarterly 2006; 28(2):45-53

Front 13

Porcine nephroblastoma:
immunohistochemical phenotype?

Back 13

Mesenchymal blastema: vimentin+
Epithelium tubuli: 1/3 vimentin+, CK19+
Epithelium glomeruloid bodies: vimentin+, CK19+
Stroma: vimentin+, actin+

Vim+ + CK19+ => embryonic origin.

Hint 13

JCP 2006 143

Front 14

Porcine rubulavirus:
signs, lesions?

Back 14

- encephalitis in young piglets
- infertility in adult sows and boars
- focal congestion and hemorrhage in placenta and endometrium
- fetuses smaller than normal, dermal ecchymoses
- dehydrated or mummified foetuses
PoRV can replicate in tissues of seronegative pregnant gills, cross the placenta, and cause fetal death and mummification.

Hint 14

JCP 130(1):1-6 (2004)

Front 15

Thymic granulomatous lesions in pigs?

Back 15

Idiopathic (no etiology detected, including PCV2).
Multicentric/systemic granulomatous lesions in pigs.
Epithelioid cells, MNGCs, lymphocytes.
Mesenteric lnn, spleen, kidney, stomach.
Cytoplasm GCs and some epithelioid cells PAS+.

Hint 15

Vet Pathol 43 2006

Front 16

Göttingen minipigs with thrombocytopenic purpura syndrome:
vascular lesions?

Back 16

Degenerative lesions, features of arteriosclerosis.
Vessels renal pelvis and coronary arteries consistently affected.
Small to medium-sized muscular arteries:
- neointimal proliferation
- medial thickening
- luminal stenosis
- thrombosis
- disruption and fragmentation of internal elastic lamina
- necrosis T media
- medial deposits myxoid matrix
Arterioles:
- concentric laminar thickening walls (onion-skin pattern)
- endothelial hypertrophy
- smooth muscle cell vacuolation
- necrosis T media
- thrombosis
- luminal stenosis
(peri-)arteritis, membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis, myocardial microinfarcts, renal interstitial fibrosis, EMH, intracapillary hyaline thrombi in some pigs.

Hint 16

Vet Path 43 447 2006

Front 17

Cytokines in lymphoid organs after inoculation of swine with African swine fever?

Back 17

Early increase in TNFalpha, IL1alpha, IL6 detected, accompanied with lymphocyte apoptosis, and macrophages showing secretory and phagocytic activation.
Suggestion: cytokines from macrophages induce lymphocyte apoptosis in ASF.

Hint 17

JCP 132(4):289-302 (2005)

Front 18

Porcine circovirus type 2:
- Main syndromes?
- Vascular lesions in mainly which syndrome?
- Newly described neurovascular disorder?
- Histo PMWS?
- Protein or DNA of PCV2 has been demonstrated in cytoplasm of which cells?

Back 18

- PMWS, PDNS, repro failure, resp disease complex, proliferative and necrotizing pneumonia, possibly congenital tremor.
- Vascular lesions: hallmark of PDNS, not prominent in PMWS.
- NEW: cerebellar vasculitis: hemorrhages, edema, necrotizing vasculitis, gray and white matter, PCV2 DNA and Ag bearing endothelial cells, apoptosis of endothelial cells.
- PMWS: lymphoid organs: lymphoid depletion, macrophages and MNGCs, ICIB.
- macrophages, MNGCs, dendritic cells in lymphoid tissues, alveolar macroph., Kupffer c., to a lesser extent epith. lung/liver/pancreas/kidney/endothelial cells.

Hint 18

Vet Pathol 44:621-634 (2007)

Front 19

Nipahvirus:
- zoonotic?
- affinity for which cells in pig?
- Ag-positive tissues show which cellular feature?

Back 19

- zoonosis. human: fatal encephalitis. pig: neurological and respiratory syndromes.
- resp epith, renal glom and tub epith, meningeal arachnoid cells, systemic vasc endoth, smooth muscle.
- syncytium formation.
Paramyxovirus, genus Henipavirus.

Hint 19

JCP 131(2-3):199-206 2004

Front 20

Malignant catarrhal fever in pigs?

Back 20

- fever, abortion, death
- pulm edema, swollen lnn
- lymphoproliferation, vasculitis small + med sized As (liver, kidney, lung, brain, heart, bladder, uterus) surr by lym/plas, few macroph/neu.

Hint 20

Vet Rec 2006 159, 406-409

Front 21

Brain lesions in PMWS in pigs?
Gross, histo, IHC

Back 21

(General PMWS: lymphoid depl + granul. infl. var. organs)
- leptomeningeal hemorrhages cerebellum
Histo cerebellum:
- lymphohistiocytic vasculitis
- hemorrhages
- lymphohistiocytic meningitis
Fibrinoid degeneration vessels cerebellum + periventricular areas in conjunction with lymphohist meningitis.

Hint 21

JVDI 19:109 2007

Front 22

Pigs with PMWS:
In lymph nodes, IL2-R and MHCII were assayed (IHC).
Relevance and results?

Back 22

IL2-R: activation of T cells
MHCII: marker for APCs (macrophages, dendritic cells, B cells).
IL2-R score same as controls.
MHCII was reduced. Loss of APCs has been previously observed. Targets for PCV-2.
NB we're talking about interfollicular tissue in lymph nodes here.

Hint 22

Vet Pathol 43:6 2006 993-997

Front 23

Cardiovascular lesions in pigs infected with PCV2?

Back 23

- myocardiocyte swelling or necrosis and/or myocardial fibrosis
- lymphohistiocytic and plasmacytic periarteritis and endarteritis.
Associated with PCV2 antigen, also found in obliterated blood vessels in lymphadenitis.

Hint 23

JCP 2006 105.

Front 24

Breed differences in susceptibility to porcine circovirus 2 associated disease?

Back 24

Landrace suggested more susceptible:
- only race with clinical PMWS
(PCV2 assoc. lymphoid depl / granul l'itis in all breeds)

Hint 24

Vet Pathol 43:281-293 (2006)

Front 25

A potentiation of PCV-2-induced PMWS by porcine parvovirus is associated with the excessive production of which cytokine?

Back 25

TNF-alpha

Hint 25

Vet Path 43:718 (2006)

Front 26

PCV2 in reproductive failure:
- clinical signs?
- transplacental infection?

Back 26

- abortion, premature farrowing
- PCV2 protein and DNA in fetal tissues (lnn, spleen, thymus, lung, tonsil, liver) from both stillborn and liveborn.
PCV2 is capable of crossing the placenta
Does not spread in utero between foetuses.

Hint 26

JCP 132(2-3):139-144 2005

Front 27

Is lymphoid deplesion and hepatocyte loss in PMWS attributable to apoptosis?

Back 27

No, not the primary mechanism. Apoptosis in systemic viral diseases may be attributable to pyrexia rather than effect of viruses on target cells.

Hint 27

Vet Pathol 41(5):471-81 (2004)

Front 28

Neuropathology of classical swine fever?

Back 28

- nonpurulent meningoencephalitis
- occasional microhemorrhages
- apoptosis of the infiltrating lymphocytes
(only little involvement of macrophages in CNS lesions).
Viral infection in:
- neurons
- glial cells
- endothelial cells
- CNS infiltrate
- macrophages

Hint 28

Vet Path 43 530 (2006)

Front 29

Cytokine pattern in early classical swine fever? And in late?

Back 29

Early: Th1 immune response
Late: Th2 response.

Hint 29

JCP 132(4):249-60 2005

Front 30

Which cytokine(s) is/are most importantly involved in the pathogenesis of lymphocytopenia and thrombocytopenia in the spleen in classical swine fever?

Back 30

TNFalpha.
To a lesser extent Il-1alpha and Il-6.
From infected macrophages.

Hint 30

Vet Pathol 42:477-488 (2005)

Front 31

Viruses that cause inflammatory disease in the nervous system of pigs?

Back 31

- Porcine Teschovirus 1
- Encephalomyocarditis Virus
- Porcine Adenovirus
- Porcine Herpesvirus 1 / Pseudorabies
- African Swine Fever
- Classical Swine Fever
- Porcine Herpesvirus 2 / Cytomegalovirus
- Hemagglutinating Encephalomyelitis Virus
- Japanese Encephalitis and West Nile Viruses (
- Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus
- Eastern Equine Encephalomyelitis Virus
- Rabies Virus
- Paramyxoviruses (Blue Eye Paramyxovirus, Menangle Virus, Nipah Virus, not Europe).

Hint 31

AFIP WSC 2005-2006 p.289

Front 32

Veterinary pathogenic E. coli names, virulence factors?

Back 32

- ETEC Enterotoxigenic STa/STb/LT-I/LT-II/K88/K99.
- EHEC Enterhohemorrhagic Stx1/Stx2/EAST1/Intimin/chuA/enterohemolysin.
- EPEC Enteropathogenic BFP type III secretion system/Tir/Intimin/EPEC-secreted proteins/EAST1
- NTEC Necrotoxigenic CNF1/CNF2.

Hint 32

Unknown source probably attaching effacing lesions review pigs or AFIP WSC

Front 33

Meconium staining of skin in piglets:
associated with pathology?

Back 33

- more often rupture umbilical cord
- indicator of fetal hypoxia
- no correlation w. meconium aspiration or inflammation

Hint 33

JVDI 18:622-627 2006

Front 34

What is known about pathogenesis of diarrhea in pigs caused by:
- Lawsonia intracellularis?
- verotoxinogenic E. coli?
- Clostridium perfringens type A?
- Clostridium perfringens type C?

Back 34

- L.i.: invades immature crypt cells via vacuole -> mitosis, fail to mature -> malabsorption.
- VTEC -> edema disease. F18. Potent vasotoxin 2e = Shiga-like toxin IIv -> vascular necrosis/neuro signs/edema. Histo mucosa = normal.
- Cp type A: alpha and beta2 toxin
- Cp type C: alpha and beta toxin; attach, sloughing of epith, prolif of organisms along b.m., necrosis.

Hint 34

JAVMA vol231 no1 july 1 2007 p.56

Front 35

Causes of porcine polyserositis?

Back 35

- classic Glässer's disease: Haemophilus suis, Haemophilus parasuis
- Mycoplasma hyorhinis
- Streptococcus suis type II
- septicemic salmonellosis
- septicemic Escherichia coli

Hint 35

McG p 377-378