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32 Cards in this Set
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A chemical substance that is produced by microorganisms and has the capacity in dilute solution to selectively inhibit the growth of ,or kill other microoraganisms |
antibiotic |
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any substance of natural , semisynthettic or synthetic origin that kills or inhibits growth of microorganisms/ bacteria but causes little or no damage to the host |
antimicrobial/antibacterial |
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when diseased animals are treated to cure infection |
therapeutic use |
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NON- therapeutic use: 1. when healthy herds or animals are treated to prevent infection 2. When diseased herds are treated to cure infection in some individuals and prevent infection in others 3. When healthy animals are treated with low concentrations in feed to improve growth rate and reproductive performance |
1. prophylactic use 2 metaphylactic use 3. Growth promotion use |
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classification according to origin: 1. produced by fungi and bacteria (anibiotics)= ? 2. Chemically altered natural compound=? 3. Chemically designed by man=? |
1. Natural 2.Semi-synthetic 3 synthetic |
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bactericidal drugs _____ Bacteriostatic drugs ____ ____ |
kill inhibt growth |
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drugs that have activity restricted to few bacterial groups: |
narrow spectrum |
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drugs that have activity against a wide range of different bacterial groups |
broad -spectrum |
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Penicilins and Aminopenicilins :category? |
Non penicillase producing Gram + cocci |
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amoxicillin/clavulanate cephalosporin sulfonamides aminoglycosides fluoroqunilones category? |
penicillase producing staphylococcus |
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amoxicillin/clavulanate
cephalosporins aminoglycosides fluoroquinolones sulfoamides |
glucose fermentative gram negative rods |
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penicilins aminopenicillins lincosamides metronidazole |
anaerobes |
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how do antibacterial drugs act on the bacterial cell 1.inhibition of ___ ____ synthesis - ex: p______ 2. Inhibition of ____ synthesis-ex: t_____ 3. Inhibition if ____ synthesis-ex: f___________ 4. Inhibitors of _____ _____ integrity ex: -c_______ 5. inhibition of other _____ ____ ex:-S____ |
1. cell wall - penicillins 2. protein synthesis- tetracyclines 3 DNA synthesis - fluoroquniolones 4. cell membrane integrity : colistin 5. metabolic processes : sulphonamides |
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refers to the co- existence of multiple genes or mutations encoding resistance to different drugs within the same strain or genetic element |
co-resistance |
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selection of multiple resistance genes when one of these genes is selected |
Co-selection |
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what is the resistance gene that MRSA and MRSP have both acquired? |
mec A |
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mecA that has penicillin binding proteins thatcreate a low affinity for beta lactams .
This allows the bacteria to synthesize the cell wall w/o interference from what 2 drugs??? |
beta lactams (beta lactam resistance) penicillins and cephalosporins |
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MRSA occurs mainly in ___ but affects companion animals and ____ |
pigs, cows |
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Can be harmful to humans by indirect exposurefrom a farmer where it eventually can make its way into the healthcareenvironment . low risk in food transmission
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MRSA |
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MRSP occurs mainly in: has a ____ risk in food transmission |
dogs, low |
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Difficult to treat because it may be resistantto all antibiotics licensed for veterinary use. Humans can act as vectors
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MRSP |
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is an enzyme produced by gram negative bacteriawith an extended spectrum of beta lactams it can be effective against(beta-lactam resistance)
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ESBL |
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will hydrolyze or inactivate most beta lactamsexcept carbapenems.
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ESBL |
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PEople are most likely to become carriers to this disease when they travel to an area that holds it |
ESBL |
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ESBL occurs in??? and has a ____ risk of transmission in food |
all species , high risk |
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Three classes of ESBL:
_____-__ is mostcommon. Most common in animals is _____-__ False class: ______-_. False since it is resistantto B- lactamase inhibitors. Widespread in small animals and limited in Europe poultry. |
CTX-M SHV TEM CMY-2 |
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bacteria acquire resistance by mutation and- Horizontalgene transfer via: 1.____ (uptake of free DNA), 2____ (transfer mediated by phage delivery), 3___ (transfer cell- to cellcontact)
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transformation, transduction and conjugation |
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MIC is the lowest concentration that ___ growthof a strain completely
MBC is the lowest concentrations that___thestrain |
MIC inhibits MBC kills |
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acquisition of new genetic markers by incorporation of added DNA |
transformation |
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mating between 2 bacteria involving transfer of genetic material |
conjunction |
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transfer of a bacterial gene from one to another by a phage |
transduction |
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movement of a transposon to a new site in the genome |
transposition |
