Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
100 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
What is the action of Anthraquinones?
|
What is the Action of Anthraquinones?
Hydragogue; Draws Water into lumen Causes peristalsis Laxative affect Reduces water reabsorption |
|
|
Steps in how Anthraquinones work?
|
Steps in how Anthraquinones work?
1) Beta Glycosides cleaves the glucose molecule. 2) Bond di anthrone is cleaved 3) Stimulates peristalsis 4) Draws water into lumen 5) Reduces water reabsorption 6) Takes 8 hrs until evacuation |
|
|
Anthraquinone Cautions?
|
Anthraquinone cautions:
Take @ night Short term only |
|
|
Anthraquinone Contraindications?
|
Anthraquinone contraindications?
Not with pebble poo Not with bowel obstruction |
|
|
What are some Anthraquinone examples?
|
What are some Anthraquinone examples?
Aloe Vera Rumex Crispus Rheum Palmatum |
|
|
Example of Hydroxycinnamic acids?
|
Example of Hydroxycinnamic acids?
Sweet Clover |
|
|
Umbelliferone is converted from?
|
Umbelliferone is converted from?
Courmarin |
|
|
Umbelliferone increases?
|
Umbelliferone increases?
Water solubility |
|
|
Umbelliferone Actions?
|
Umbelliferone Actions?
Sunscreen - Absorbs UV Diuretic Mild Spasmolytic Antifungal Antibacterial |
|
|
Umbelliferone is found in?
|
Umbelliferone is found in?
Angelica archangelica Artemisia abrotanum Hypericum perforatum Lavendula officinalis Matricaria recutita |
|
|
What are some of the methods of chemical analysis?
|
What are some of the methods of chemical analysis?
HPLC - High performance liquid chromatography TLC - Thin layer Chromatography |
|
|
What does HPLC stand for?
|
What does HPLC stand for?
HPLC - High performance liquid chromatography Measures Quantity of constituent/compound |
|
|
What does TLC stand for?
|
What does TLC stand for?
Thin layer Chromatography Identifies compound & quality Used before HPLC |
|
|
What 5 Enzymes are inhibited by flavonoids?
|
What 5 Enzymes are inhibited by flavonoids?
1. Aldose reductase 2. Zanthaine Oxidase 3. Tyrosine Kinase 4. Lipoxygenase 5. Cyclic neucleotidase |
|
|
The Flavanoid, Vaccinium Myrtillus inhibits?
|
The Flavonoid, Vaccinium Myrtillus inhibits?
Aldose reductase |
|
|
The Flavanoid, Scutellarin Laterofoli inhibits?
|
The Flavanoid, Scutellarin Laterofoli inhibits?
Zanthane Oxidase |
|
|
The Flavanoid, Curcuma Longa inhibits?
|
The Flavanoid, Curcuma Longa inhibits?
Tyrosine Kinase |
|
|
The Flavanoid, Rutin inhibits?
|
The Flavanoid, Rutin inhibits?
Liposxygenase |
|
|
Where would you find the flavonoid, Anthocyanannins?
|
Where would you find the flavonoid, Anthocyanannins?
Vaccinium Myrtillus - Bilberry |
|
|
Where would you find the flavonoid, Scutellarin?
|
Where would you find the flavonoid, Scutellarin?
Scutellarin Laterfollia |
|
|
Where would you find the flavonoid, Rutin?
|
Where would you find the flavonoid, Rutin?
Buckwheat |
|
|
What herb is adulterated & swapped with an inferior species?
|
What herb is adulterated & swapped with an inferior species?
Alexandria Senna instead of Arabian Senna |
|
|
What herb is adulterated and substituted for Atropa Belladonna?
|
What herb is adulterated and substituted for Atropa Belladonna?
Althea Graveolens |
|
|
What part of the herb Dandelion is incorrectly substituted?
|
What part of the herb Dandelion is incorrectly substituted?
Dandelion leaves instead of roots |
|
|
Synthetics are sometimes added to?
|
Synthetics are sometimes added to?
Lemon Citral added to oil of lemon |
|
|
What is added as a substitute to increase the weight/volume of packaged herbs, ?
|
What is added as a substitute to increase the weight/volume of packaged herbs?
Dirt and rocks |
|
|
Name the 3 Flavanolignans in Silybum Marianum?
|
Name the 3 Flavanolignans in Silybum Marianum?
1) Silybinin 2) Silychristin 3) Silydianin |
|
|
Name the 3 classes of Courmarins?
|
Name the 3 classes of Courmarins?
Simple Coumarins Furono Coumarins Pyrano Courmarins |
|
|
What is the action of Coumarins?
|
What is the action of Coumarins?
Sunscreen Diuretic Mild spasmolytic Antifungal Antibacterial |
|
|
Where would you find Furano courmarins?
|
Where would you find Furano courmarins?
Bergamot oil Used in suntanning lotion - increases melanocyte production |
|
|
Are Coumarins soluble in alcohol & organic solvents?
|
Are Coumarins soluble in alcohol & organic solvents?
Yes |
|
|
What is the action of Furano Coumarins?
|
What is the action of Furano Coumarins?
Phototoxic Mutagenic Carcinogenic |
|
|
Which plant families contain furano coumarins?
|
Which plant families contain furano coumarins?
Apiaceae Rutaceae Some Citrus |
|
|
Furano coumarins are found in which herbs?
|
Furano coumarins are found in which herbs?
Angelica Celery Parsley |
|
|
What disease would you use a Furano coumarin for?
|
What disease would you use a Furano coumarin for?
Vitaligo |
|
|
Action of Amni visnaga?
|
Action of Amni visnaga?
Spasmolytic Vasodilating |
|
|
Amni visnaga treats?
|
Amni visnaga treats?
Kidney Stones Angina Asthma |
|
|
Name the Primary Plant Metabolites?
|
Name the Primary Plant Metabolites?
Carbs Proteins Lipids Nucleotides |
|
|
Name the Secondary Plant Metabolites?
|
Name the Secondary Plant Metabolites?
Plant defence Hormone signalling Communication |
|
|
What effects secondary metabolites ?
|
What effects secondary metabolites ?
High Altitude - Increases Caffeine in coffee Temperature - Warm days increase essential oils Moisture - The dryer, increased mucilage Sun exposure - Full sun increases alkaloids. |
|
|
Give 2 examples of fungal problems?
|
Give 2 examples of fungal problems?
Sweet clover; Coumarins> Di coumarol = Haemorrhagic disease in cattle Aflatoxin - in peanuts & chilli |
|
|
Name 3 substances which have a low therapeutic index?
|
Name 3 substances which have a low therapeutic index?
1. Phytolacca 2. Selenium 3. Chilli |
|
|
Who sets the guidelines for quality control?
|
Who sets the guidelines for quality control?
BP EP ESCOP e Commission |
|
|
How long should you keep a specimen voucher?
|
How long should you keep a specimen voucher?
10 years |
|
|
What does ED50 stand for?
|
What does ED50 stand for?
Median Effective Dose |
|
|
What does LD50 stand for?
|
What does LD50 stand for?
Median Lethal Dose |
|
|
What does TI mean?
|
What does TI mean?
Gap between ED50 & LD50 |
|
|
What are 3 examples of Anthocyanins?
|
What are 3 examples of Anthocyanins?
1) Vaccinum Myrtillus 2) Vitis Vinifera 3) Sabucus Nigra |
|
|
What type of carb are found in Mushrooms
|
What type of carb are found in Mushrooms?
Long chain Polysaccharides - treat cancers |
|
|
What does Hypericum Perforatum contain?
|
What does Hypericum Perforatum contain?
Umbelliferone |
|
|
Grapefruit increases ?
|
Grapefruit increases ?
Drug metabolism = Decreased half life |
|
|
What does decreased half life mean?
|
What does decreased half life mean?
Time it takes for drug serum to decrease |
|
|
What does NDGA stand for?
|
What does NDGA stand for?
Nor di hydro guiaretic acid Potent anti oxidant |
|
|
Where would you find the potent anti oxidant; NDGA (di hydro guiaretic acid)?
|
Where would you find the potent anti oxidant; NDGA (di hydro guiaretic acid)?
Found in Chapparral (Larrea spp) |
|
|
What is the function of Schizandrin?
|
What is the function of Schizandrin?
Anti Inflammatory Hepato Protective Increased ALT Inhibits lipid peroxidation |
|
|
What are the 3 Metabolic Pathways?
|
What are the 3 Metabolic Pathways?
Acetate Shikimic Mevalonic |
|
|
What is involved in the Acetate metabolic pathway?
|
What is in involved in the Acetate metabolic pathway?
Fatty acids Lignans Aromatic amino acids |
|
|
What is involved in the Shikimic Acid Metabolic pathway?
|
What is involved in the Shikimic Acid Meabolic pathway?
Tannins Phenols |
|
|
What is involved in the Mevalonic Acid Metabolic Pathway?
|
What is involved in the Mevalonic Acid Metabolic Pathway?
Alkaloids Steroids Terpenes |
|
|
What are the 5 main actions of Tannins?
|
What are the 5 main actions of Tannins?
Anti inflammatory Astringent Antioxidant Cytotoxic Anti heamorrhagic |
|
|
Name 5 herbs that contain Tannins?
|
Name 5 herbs that contain Tannins?
1. Camillia senesis 2. Geranium 3. Agrimona 4. Cinnamon Bark 5. Albizia |
|
|
What is the Tannin related substance in apples?
|
What is the Tannin related substance in apples?
Epigallo-catechin-gallate |
|
|
What are the actions of Curcuma?
|
What are the actions of Curcuma?
Choleretic Anti inflammatory Antioxidant Stimulates bile Antimicrobial |
|
|
What causes the Echinacea buzz?
|
What causes the Echinacea buzz?
Alkyl amine echinacosides |
|
|
What herbs require fermenting?
|
What herbs require fermenting?
Tea Tabacco Vanilla Gentian juice |
|
|
What are Sennosides?
|
What are Sennosides?
Laxatives Di Anthrones with 2 Anthrone units Dianthrone glycosides formed @ harvesting and drying |
|
|
What does OPCs mean?
|
What does OPCs mean?
Oligomeric procyanidins |
|
|
What are OPCs? - Oligomeric procyanidins
|
What are OPCs? - Oligomeric procyanidins
Contain 2-4 monomers Classified with flavonoids Antioxidants |
|
|
What is the function of OPCs (Oligomeric procyanidins)
|
What is the function of OPCs (Oligomeric procyanidins)?
Anti oxidant Connective tissue stabilizing |
|
|
OPCs (Oligomeric procyanidins) are used for?
|
OPCs (Oligomeric procyanidins) are used for?
Varicose veins Capillary fragility Heart disease |
|
|
What is Pharmacokenetics ?
|
What is Pharmacokenetics ?
Movement of the drug in the body What the body does to the drug |
|
|
Oral administration of a drug take effect in what time?
|
Oral administration of a drug take effect in what time?
20-30mins |
|
|
What is a cream?
|
A Semi solid emulsion of oil in water or water in oil
|
|
|
Advantages of a cream?
|
Readily absorbs into skin
Light Spread easy Promote healing |
|
|
Ointments are made by?
|
Incorporating beeswax & lanolin to hold a tincture
|
|
|
Advantages of Soft Paraffin with Lanolin & Beeswax?
|
Never go rancid
Hold water / oil emulsion |
|
|
Animal fats, Glycerin, Soft paraffin with lanolin and beeswax are?
|
Bases for external preparations
|
|
|
List the equipment used in Nutritional Mfrg?
|
Pots with lids
Stove Measuring cups Wooden spoons Spatula Food processor Cheese cloth Mortar & pestle Pill press or capsule maker Glass bottles & jars Labels |
|
|
What records are compulsory to keep
|
Use of alcohol purchased - Excise Alcohol licence.
Mfrg register of products sold to patients only. |
|
|
Why is labeling important?
|
Safe & efficient workplace
|
|
|
What should be detailed on a label?
|
Date
Name of product Batch number of purchased raw material Strength Expiry date |
|
|
Safety Issues?
|
Food safety
Hygiene with food items Allergies & intolerances Specific instructions Contra indications |
|
|
Functions of an Ointment?
|
Cooling/soothing for hot inflammations
Warming/stimulating in cold conditions Moistening & protecting dry,irritating Protecting, healing |
|
|
Therapeutic uses of an ointment?
|
Boils
Sores Broken veins Cold arthritis Eczema Dermatitis Dry skin Sprains |
|
|
Common preservatives?
|
Benzoic acid
Balm of Gilead resin/tincture Vitamin E oil |
|
|
Define Serum?
|
Clear liquid from blood or any clear liquid
Adds extra multi vitamin to skin |
|
|
Advantages of serum?
|
Delivers delicate ingredients unstable in other forms
Positive delivery for expensive products |
|
|
Fixed oils can go off/rancid due to ?
|
Oxidation from heat or light
|
|
|
Comfrey ointment is used for?
|
Sprains
Bruises |
|
|
Baths are considered what type of therapy?
|
Hydrotherapy
|
|
|
Baths or hydrotherapy involves?
|
Water in baths
Sauna Washes & compresses |
|
|
Precautions for baths/hydrotherapy?
|
Minimum 1 hr before a meal
More than 2 hrs after a meal |
|
|
Name the 5 categories of bath actions?
|
Restoring strengthening reviving
Relaxing, calming, release tension Stimulating, warming for cold condition Clearing heat, reducing fever Drawing out toxins |
|
|
What is a Succi?
|
Expressed juice of fresh plant that alcohol has been added as a preservative & clarifying agent
|
|
|
What is a functional food?
|
Foods that have been enhanced with nutrients or phytochemicals
|
|
|
Main points to juicing?
|
Made fresh & consumed immediately
Fresh ripe organic Dilute sweet juices |
|
|
Who should not juice fast?
|
Pregnant, nursing mothers
Children Diabetes Eating disorders Kidney disease Liver disease Addictions Underweight Ulcerative colitis Before or after surgical procedures |
|
|
Side affects of juice fasting?
|
Headaches
Tiredness Hypoglycaemia Constipation Acne Body odour Bad breath |
|
|
How long does a juice fast last?
|
1 - 3 days
Longer with medical supervision |
|
|
Define Capsule?
|
Telescoping gelatine containers to administer medicines
|
