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32 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What does stimulation of the lateral vestibular tract and medullary reticulospinal tract produce?
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Lateral- Stimulates extensors and inhibits flexors
medullary- Inhibits both(extensors> flexors) |
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What does stimulation of the Pontine reticulospinal tract and Rubrospinal tract?
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Stimulate both(extensors>flexors)
Rubrospinal-Stimulates flexors and inhibits extensors. Tectospinal tract- Control neck muscles |
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What are the functions of the cerebellum?
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1. Controls balance and eye movement(vestibulocerebellum)
2. Plans and initiates movement(pontocerebellum) 3. Controls rate, force, range and direction of movement(spinocerebellum) |
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What are the layers of the cerebellar cortex from outside in?
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1. Molecular layer
2. Purkinje cell layer 3. Granular layer |
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Where does the cerebellar output come from?
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Purkinje cells
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What type of output does the cerebellum produce?
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Always inhibitory
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What is the neurotransmitter for the cerebellar output?
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gamma amino butyric acid(GABA)
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What are the componenets of the basal ganglia?
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1. Striatum
2. Globus pallidus 3. Subthalmic nuclei 4. Substantia nigra |
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What is the function of the basal ganglia?
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Plans and executes smooth movements by modulating thalmic outflow to the motor cortex
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How does the asal ganglia communicate with the thalamus and cerebral cortex?
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1. Direct pathway
2. Indirect pathway |
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Which pathway has an overall inhibitory effect?
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Indirect pathway
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Which pathway has an overall excitatory effect?
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Direct pathway
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What is theneurotransmitter for communication between the striatum and substantia nigra?
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Dopamine
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What effect does dopamine have on the direct pathway?
Indirect patway? |
Excitatory(D1 receptors)
Inhibitory(D2 receptors) |
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What is the effect of a lesion in the striatum and Globus pallidus?
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Striatum- Produces quick, continuous and uncontrollable movements(chorea)
Globus- Produces inability to maintain postural support |
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What is he effect of a lesion in the subthalmic nuclei and substantia nigra?
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Subthalmic- Produces wild, flinging movements(hemiballismus)
S. nigra- Produces cogwheel rigidity, tremor and decreased volontary movement |
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What disease produces signs similar to a lesion in the striatum?
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Huntingtons disease
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What disease produces signs similar to a lesion in the substantia nigra?
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Parkinson's disease
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Where in the brain are the premotor cortex and the and the supplementary motor cortex?
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Area 6
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What are the functions of the premotor cortex and the supplementary motor cortex?
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Generate a plan for movement and transfer it to the primary motor cortex
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Which cortex is utilized in mental rehearsal of a movement?
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Supplementary motor cortex
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What area i s the primary motor cortex?
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Area 4
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What is the function of the primary motor cortex?
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Execution of movement
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What is the somatotopical organization of the primary motor cortex known as/
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Motor homunculus
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What occurs when epileptic events occur in the primary motor cortex?
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Jacksonian seizure(march) which is a seizure that spreads through the primary motor cortex in succession and efects the corresponding muscle groups.
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What occurs with transection of the spinal cord below the lesion?
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1. Loss of volontary movement
2. Loss of conscious movement 3. Loss of reflexes |
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What occurs with time to the initial loss of reflexes?
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Partial return or may progress to hyperreflexia
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A transection above what level will produce the loss of sympathetic tone to the heart
breathing cessation death |
tone to heart- C7
breathing cessation-C3 Death- C1 |
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What is the effect due to lesions above the lateral vestibular nucleus and red nucleus?
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Lateral vestibular-decerebrate rigidity
red nucleus- decorticate posturing with intact tonic neck reflexes |
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A lesion above the pontine reticular formation results in...
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decerbrate rigidity
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What is the posture of decerebrate rigidity?
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1. Arms are adducted and rigidity extended at the elbows
2. Forearms are pronated 3. Wrists and fingers are flexed 4. Feet are plantarflexed |
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Describe the posture of decorticate rigidity?
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1. Arms are adducted
2. Elbows, wrists and fingers are flexed 3. legs are internally rotated 4. Feet are plantarflexed |
