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69 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Neural networks create what in the brain?
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Affective (emotion) and cognitive behavior (thought)
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What does the brain exhibit as a result of change from experience?
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plasticity
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What were the first animals to develop neurons?
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Jellyfish and sea anemones
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Central Nervous System is made of what?
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layers of cells around Fluid filled central cavity
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Grey matter of the CNS consist of what?
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Unmylienated nerve cell bodies, dendrites, and axon terminals
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What forms the white matter of the CNS?
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Myelinated axons
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What is the brain and spinal cord encased in?
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meninges and the bones of the cranium and vertebrae
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What does meninges make up?
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pia mater, arachnoid membrane, and dura mater
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Where does the choroid plexus secrete cerebrospinal fluid into?
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Ventricles of the brain
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What is the job of Cerebrospinal fluid?
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Cushions tissue and creates a chemically controlled environment.
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What does Tight-junctions in the brain capillaries do?
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Creates a blood brain barrier that prevents possibly harmful substances in the blood from entering interstial fluid
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Each spinal segment is associated with what?
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A pair of spinal nerves.
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Dorsal root of each spinal nerve carries what sensory information?
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Incoming
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What does the dorsal root ganglia contain?
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Nerve cell bodies of sensory neurons.
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Where does the ventral roots carry information?
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From the central nervous system to muscles and glands.
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What does Ascending tracts of white matter carry?
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Sensory information to the brain
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What does descending tract carry?
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Efferent signals from the brain
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Spinal cord is has what integrated into it?
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Spinal Reflex
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What are the 6 major divisions in the brain?
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Cerebrum, Diencephalon, Midbrain, Cerebellum, Pons, and Medulla oblongata
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What is the brain stem divided into?
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Medulla oblongata, pons, and midbrain ( mesencephalon)
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The oxygen requires what percentage of total blood volume?
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15%
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What is the diffuse collection of neurons do?
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Reticular formation
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What does the medulla oblongata contain?
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Somatosensory and corticospinal tracts.
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What does the Somasensory and corticospinal tracts do?
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Convey information between the cerebrum and spinal cord.
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What does the pons act as?
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Relay station for information between the cerebellum and cerebrum
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What does the midbrain control?
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Eye movement and relays signal for auditory and visual reflexes.
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What does the cerebellum process?
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Sensory information and coordinates the execution of movement.
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Diencephalon is made up of what?
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Thalamus and hypothalamus
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What does the thalamus do?
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Relays and modifies sensory and motor information going to and from the cerebral cortex.
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What does the hypothalamus responsible for?
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behavorial drives, temperature regulation, coordination of reproductive hormones, fight or flight response, and growth.
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pituitary glands and pineal glands are part of what gland?
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endocrine gland
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Where is the pituitary and pineal glands located?
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Diencephalon
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Cerebral Hemisphere is divided into what 4 sections?
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Frontal, parietal, temporal, and occipital lobes.
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The cerebral gray matter includes what?
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Cerebral cortex, basal ganglia, and limbic system.
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What does the basal ganglia help?
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Helps control movement
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What does the limbic system link?
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Cognitive functions and emotional response.
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What is the amygdala and cingulated gyrus linked to?
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Emotions and memory
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The hippocampus is associated with what?
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Learning and memory
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Name the 3 brain systems that influence motor output?
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Sensory system, cognitive system, and behavioral state system.
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Where do higher brain functions come from?
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Cerebral cortex
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What 3 functions does the cerebral cortex specialize in?
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Sensory areas, motor areas, and association areas
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Definition of Cerebral laterization?
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Hemisphere of the cerebrum has developed functions not shared by other hemisphere.
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Primary somatic sensory cortex processes what kind of information?
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Touch, temperature, and other somatic senses
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What does Association areas integrate sensory information into?
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Perception
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Define Perception?
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The brain's interpretation of sensory stimuli
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What does the motor areas direct?
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Skeletal muscle movement
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Each cerebral hemisphere contains ?
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Primary motor cortex and motor association area
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What does the behavioral state system control?
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States of arousal and modulates the sensory and cognitive systems.
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What does diffuse modulatory systems of the reticular formation influence?
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Attention, motivation, wakefulness, memory, motor control, mood, and metabolic homeostasis
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What is the job of the Reticular activating system?
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Keeps the brain conscious
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What device can record electrical brain activity?
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Electroencephalograpy
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Circadian rhythms are controlled by an internal clock located in what?
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Suprachaiasmatic nucleus
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What are the two major phases of sleep?
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REM sleep and Slow-wave sleep
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Name two sleep disorders?
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Sleep apnea and insomnia
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Emotion is part of what system?
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Limbic system
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Center for emotion in the area of the brain is called?
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Amygdala
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What is motivation?
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Internal signals that shape voluntary behavior.
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How can mood disorders be treated?
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By altering neurotransmitters in the brain.
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Define Associative Learning?
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When two stimuli are associated with each other.
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Define Nonassociative Learning?
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Imitative behaviors such as learning a language.
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What is the important area for learning and memory called?
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Hippocampus
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What is Habituation?
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When an animal shows a decreased response to a stimululus that is repeated over and over.
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What is Sensitization?
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Exposure to a noxious or intense stimulus that creates an enhance response on subsequent exposure
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Define Anterograde amnesia?
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Ability to remember newly acquired information.
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Long term memory and reflexive memory is stored where in the brain?
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Cerebellum
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Where is Declarative memory stored?
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Cortical area of the temporal lobe.
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What does MRI and PET scans do?
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Identification of memory traces in the cerebral cortex
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What is Consolidation?
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Short term memory being stored into long term memory.
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Language involves information processing in what two areas of the brain?
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Wernicke's area and Broca's area.
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