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48 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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The equation for heat loss?
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External heat input + internal heat production
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Endotherm
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Metabolic heat production respons. for sig. prop. of heat input
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Ectotherm
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primary source of heat is external
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Homeotherm
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organism that maintains a relative consistent body temp
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Poikilotherm
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body temp ~ ambient temp
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How do ectotherms maintain homeostasis
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behavioral homeothermy
temp spec. isozymes heat-shock proteins reg enzyme/sub. conc. reg receptor conc. |
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Mechanisms for maint. > ambient body temp
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reduce SA:V
cutaneous insulation ( fur) reduce cutaneous BF Microhabitat select. increase heat produc. (shiver) |
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Brown Adipose Tissue
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mitochondrial uncoupling
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Mech. for maint. < ambient BT
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decrease SA:V
increase cutaneous BF Microhabitat select. decrease heat prodc. (sleep) increase evaporation |
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2 Thermoreceptors
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hypothalamus
skin |
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Thermoreg. center
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hypothalamus
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Organization of Nervous System
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I. CNS
II. Peripheral A. Afferent (sensory) B. Efferent Autonomic sympathetic parasympathetic Enteric Somatic |
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Neurons
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excitable cells that communicate by transmitting electrical impulses
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Fast axonal transport
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bucket line?
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Neuroglial Cells of the of the PNS
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Schwann cells- myelin sheaths
neurotropic factors Satellite cells-support cell bodies |
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Glial Cells of the CNS
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Oligodendrocytes
Astrocytes Microglia Ependymal cells |
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func. of Oligodendrocytes
Func. of Microglia Func. of Ependymal cells |
1.Myelin Sheaths
2.Scavengers 3.create barriers b/w compartments |
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Func. of Astrocytes
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form support for CNS
help form blood brain barrier Secrete neurotrophic factors take up K+, neurotransmitters |
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Resting Membrane Potential
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diff in electric charge across the cell membrane b/w inside and out
= Neg. ~70 mV |
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func. of gated channels
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control ion permeability of neuron membrane, cause changes in the potential
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4 types of gated channels
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1. mechanically-gated channels
2. chemically " " 3. Voltage " " 4. Leak channels |
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Graded Potentials
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1.variable strength, short distance, lose strength
2.Na+ Cl- Ca++ 3. depolarizing/hyperpolar 4.dendrites, cell bodies 5. can be summed |
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Why do graded potentials loose strength?
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Current leakage
Cytoplasmic resistance |
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Action Potentials
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1. large, uniform, great distance, don't loose strength
2.Due to open/closed channels Na+,K+ when threshold pot. is reached |
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Func. of limbic System
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link b/w cognition and emotions, primitive
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What are Basal nuclei and what do they do?
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Regions of gray matter deep in the brain
Movement control |
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What is the Diencephalon and what does it do?
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Lies b/w brain stem and cerebrum
Relay station for sensory info center for homeostasis and Endocrine regulation |
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What is contained within the Deincephalon?
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Thalamus
Hypothalamus Pituitary gland Pineal gland |
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What is the Cerebrum made up of?
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Three regions of gray matter
1. cerebral cortex 2. basal nuclei 3. limbic system |
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func. of cerebellum
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"little brain"
Processes sensory info to coordinate movements |
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Corpus Callosum
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connects left and right hemispheres
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Vagus nerve
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innervates most internal organs
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Parts of the Brainstem
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medulla
Pons Midbrain |
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medulla
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somatosensory tracts
corticospinal tracts medulla oblongata connects B & SP C |
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Pons
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works with the cerebellum
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Midbrain
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eye movement
relays signals for auditory and visual reflexes |
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Dura mater
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outermost meneige
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Arachnoid
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middle meneige
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Pia mater
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inner most meneige
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Cerebrospinal fluid
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Produced by Choroid Plexus
Circulates in Subarachnoid space |
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Dorsal root of Spinal Chord
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sensory from PNS to CNS
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Ventral root of Spinal Cord
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CNS to PNS
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Astrocyte foot processes form tight junctions to make up what?
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Blood brain barrier
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Sleep
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reversible state of physical inactivity characterized by lack of interaction with external environment
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Physiologically why sleep?
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interleukin-1
interferon serotonin tumor necrosis factor |
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why sleep?
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not energy efficient
enhance immune sys. protein refolding |
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stage 1 REM
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brain waves similar to waking
dreaming occurs most skeletal muscles inhibited homeostatic reg. is depressed |
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Stage 4 deep sleep
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Delta waves
no dreaming most skeletal muscle inhibited changes is body postition subcon. homeostatic reg. is depressed sleep walking |
