Physiology The Cell

Front 1

biomolecules

Back 1

molecules synthesized by living organisms, which contain carbon atoms

Front 2

carbohydrates

Back 2

composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a ratio of 1:2:1

Front 3

monosaccharides

Back 3

simple sugars

Front 4

disaccharides

Back 4

carbohydrates formed by bonding of two monosaccharides; 3 common types

Front 5

sucrose (table sugar)

Back 5

glucose and fructose

Front 6

lactose (milk sugar)

Back 6

glucose and galactose

Front 7

maltose (malt sugar)

Back 7

glucose and glucose

Front 8

polysaccharides

Back 8

carbohydrates formed by binding of numerous monosacchardes; 2 common types

Front 9

glycogen

Back 9

composed of glucoses; found in animal cells

Front 10

starch

Back 10

composed of glucoses; found in plant cells

Front 11

lipids

Back 11

contain primarily carbons and hydrogens linked with nonpolar bonds; most are hydrophobic and will not dissolve in water; 4 common types

Front 12

triglycerides

Back 12

these molecules contain a glycerol ( 3 carbon alcohol) and 3 fatty acids; long carbon chains

Front 13

phospholipids

Back 13

contain a glycerol, 2 fatty acids, and a phosphate group; head=hydrophilic and tail=hydrophobic

Front 14

eicosanoids

Back 14

are modified 20-carbon fatty acids; they contain a 5- carbon ring in the middle which causes the molecule to fold; 2 tails

Front 15

steroids

Back 15

contain three 6-carbon rings and one 5-carbon; most common is cholesterol

Front 16

cholesterol

Back 16

can be modified to form other steroids lie testosterone, estrogen, and cortisol; base to all steroids. comes from animal products

Front 17

5 types of monosaccharides

Back 17

glucose, fructose, galactose, deoxyribose, ribose

Front 18

3 types of disaccharides

Back 18

sucrose, lactose, maltose

Front 19

2 types of polysaccharides

Back 19

glycogen and starch

Front 20

4 types of lipids

Back 20

triglycerides, phospholipids, eicosanoids, steroids

Front 21

proteins

Back 21

chains of amino acids

Front 22

peptide bonds

Back 22

hold together amino acids

Front 23

polypeptides

Back 23

removal of water between two amino acids forms

Front 24

amino acids

Back 24

amino group, carboxyl group, carbon, hydrogen, and a Residual group

Front 25

glycoproteins

Back 25

proteins that have carbohydrates attached to them

Front 26

lipoproteins

Back 26

proteins that have lipids attached to them

Front 27

nucleic acids

Back 27

DNA; stores genetic info; RNA; needed for the expression of the genetic info; composed of nucleotides

Front 28

nucleotides

Back 28

contain 5-C sugar, phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base

Front 29

purines

Back 29

type of nucleotide; two ring structure; adenine and guanine

Front 30

pyrimidines

Back 30

type of nucleotide; single ring; uracil, thymine, cytosine

Front 31

DNA nucleotides

Back 31

deoxyribose, phosphate group, one of four bases; double helical pattern with two strands of nucleotides

Front 32

RNA nucleotides

Back 32

ribose, phosphate group, one of four bases; single stranded; A-U; C-G

Front 33

Phospholipid bilayer

Back 33

2 bilayers; has fluidity; cholesterol between phospholipids to interfere with the hydrophobic interactions between the tails; proteins dispersed

Front 34

integral proteins

Back 34

embedded in the bilayer; amphipathic;

Front 35

peripheral proteins

Back 35

attached primarily to the cytoplasmic side and at as anchors for the cytoskeleton

Front 36

nucleus

Back 36

two-layered envelope; nuclear pores; DNA; nucleolus

Front 37

nucleolus

Back 37

site of RNA production

Front 38

Rough ER

Back 38

ribosomes; involved in the modification of proteins made by ribosomes; flattened sacs connected to the nuclear envelope and smooth ER

Front 39

smooth ER

Back 39

tubules without ribosome; synthesizes lipids, stores calcium ions, and detoxifies toxic substances

Front 40

Golgi apparatus

Back 40

flattened sacs called 'cisternae' proteins from the RER are sent here; can modify them and package them for their final destination

Front 41

mitochondria

Back 41

they're bounded 2x membrane. inner folds= cristae; contains electron transport chain responsible for the production of adenosine triphosphate

Front 42

lysosomes

Back 42

single membrane; contain enzymes that degrade intracellular debris (old organelles) and ingest extra-cellular debris (damaged cell)

Front 43

peroxisomes

Back 43

single-membrane; they degrade amino acids, fatty acids, and toxic foreign materials.

Front 44

ribosomes

Back 44

two subunits; composed of RNA and proteins. produce proteins; free and membrane-bound;

Front 45

vaults

Back 45

barrel-shaped structures with two identical subunits; 3x the size of a ribosome

Front 46

centrioles

Back 46

paired; composed of microtubules which form the spindle fibers of mitotic spindle which pull and push chromosomes during cell division

Front 47

cytoskeleton

Back 47

a flexible lattice of fibrous proteins= filaments.

Front 48

microfilaments

Back 48

smallest; composed primarily of the protein- actin; involved in muscle contraction and separation of the cytoplasm. Constantly undergo assembly and disassembly

Front 49

intermediate filaments

Back 49

larger and stronger than microfilaments;

Front 50

microtubules

Back 50

largest; elongate and shorten; hollow tubes made of repeating protein units- alpha and bet tubulins

Front 51

cilia

Back 51

move substances over the surface of a cell

Front 52

flagella

Back 52

moves a cell