Physiology Test 3

Front 1

Tears flowing across eyeball helps wash away foreign particles, help with diffusion of O2 & CO2 and contain bactericidal enzyme

Back 1

Lacrimal Apparatus

Front 2

______ is perception of light emitted or reflected from objects in the environment

Back 2

Vision (sight)

Front 3

*Light enters the eye through the pupil
*Light must pass through the lens to form tiny inverted image on retina

Back 3

Formation of an Image

Front 4

______ stimulation narrows the pupil

Back 4

parasympathetic

Front 5

_______ stimulation widens the pupil to admit more light

Back 5

sympathetic

Front 6

* Posterior layer of retina is pigment epithelium

* Photoreceptors cells are next layer

Back 6

Retinal Cells

Front 7

Retinal Cells for night vision?

Back 7

Rod cells

Front 8

Retinal Cells for color vision in bright light?

Back 8

Cone cells

Front 9

Visual pigment of the rod cells is called:

Back 9

rhodopsin (visual purple)

Front 10

2 major parts to rhodopsin

-protein called (1)
-vitamin A derivative called (2)

Back 10

1. opsin

2. retinal

Front 11

Cones contain ________
-3 kinds of cones absorbing
different wavelengths of light
produce color vision

Back 11

photopsin

Front 12

Describe the Photochemical Reaction in Rod Cells.

Back 12

When rhodopsin absorbs light, it is converted from the bent shape (cis-retinal) to the straight (trans-retinal) form which dissociates from the opsin (bleaching)

Front 13

Generating Visual Signal in the Dark?

Back 13

Rods produce steady ion flow in the dark that causes an IPSP that produces no signal in optic nerve

Front 14

Generating Visual Signal in the Light?

Back 14

When rod absorbs light, dark current ceases and no inhibition occurs so EPSP occurs in optic nerve

Front 15

Endocrine System consists of:

Back 15

* Hormone
* Target cells
* Endocrine glands
* Endocrine system

Front 16

Chemical messenger secreted into bloodstream, stimulates response in another tissue or organ?

Back 16

Hormone

Front 17

_____ have receptors for hormone.

Back 17

Target cells

Front 18

______ produce hormones.

Back 18

Endocrine glands

Front 19

______ includes hormone producing cells in organs such as brain, heart and small intestine.

Back 19

Endocrine system

Front 20

Nervous and Endocrine Systems?

electrical impulses and neurotransmitters, adapts quickly to continual stimulation

Back 20

Nervous System

Front 21

Nervous and Endocrine Systems?

hormones in blood, adapts slowly (days to weeks)

Back 21

Endocrine System

Front 22

Nervous and Endocrine Systems?

reacts quickly (1 - 10 msec), stops quickly

Back 22

Nervous System

Front 23

Nervous and Endocrine Systems?

reacts slowly (seconds to days), may continue long after stimulus stops

Back 23

Endocrine System

Front 24

Nervous and Endocrine Systems?

local, specific effects on target organs

Back 24

Nervous System

Front 25

Nervous and Endocrine Systems?

general, widespread effects on many organs

Back 25

Endocrine System

Front 26

Hypothalamo-Hypophyseal Portal System & Tract

refers to Anterior Pituitary...

Back 26

Adenohypophysis

Front 27

Hypothalamo-Hypophyseal Portal System & Tract

refers to Posterior Pituitary...

Back 27

Neurohypophysis

Front 28

Gonadotropin- releasing hormone
controls FSH + LH release
Thyrotropin- releasing hormone
Corticotropin- releasing hormone
Prolactin- releasing factor
Prolactin- inhibiting factor
GH- releasing hormone
GH- inhibiting hormone

Back 28

Released from Hypothalmus

Front 29

Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH)
Luteinizing Hormone (LH)
Adrenocorticotropic Hrmn. (ACTH)
Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone (TSH)
Prolactin (PRL)
Growth Hormone (GH)

Back 29

Released from Anterior Pituitary

Front 30

Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)
Oxytocin (OT)

Back 30

Released from Posterior Pituitary

Front 31

_____ hormones target other endocrine glands
--gonadotropins target gonads
*(FSH & LH)
--TSH --ACTH --GH

Back 31

Tropic

Front 32

Which hormone
- ovaries, stimulates development of eggs and follicles
- testes, stimulates production of
sperm

Back 32

Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH)

Front 33

Which hormone
- females, stimulates ovulation and corpus luteum to secrete progesterone
- males, stimulates interstitial cells of testes to secrete testosterone

Back 33

Luteinizing Hormone (LH)

Front 34

Which hormone
-regulates response to stress, effect on adrenal cortex and secretion of glucocorticoids

Back 34

Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH)

Front 35

Which hormone
- female, milk synthesis
- male, increase LH sensitivity, thus increase testosterone secretion

Back 35

Prolactin (PRL)

Front 36

Which hormone
- targets the thyroid gland
- Promotes growth of thyroid gland and the secretion of thyroid hormones

Back 36

Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone (TSH) or Thyrotropin

Front 37

Which hormone targets liver to produce somatomedins (IGFs) increase mitosis + cellular differentiation for tissue growth; effect protein synthesis, lipid metabolism, carbohydrate metabolism, electrolyte balance

Back 37

Growth Hormone (GH) or Somatotropin

Front 38

NOTE: GH in ** Childhood
--bone, cartilage and muscle growth
** Adulthood
--osteoblastic activity, appositional growth affecting bone thickening and remodeling

Back 38

NOTE: Levels of GH:
- higher during first 2 hr deep sleep, after high protein meals, after vigorous exercise
- lower after high CHO meals
- decline with age

Front 39

Which hormone
- targets kidneys to increase water retention, reduce urine
- also called vasopressin (vasoconstriction) or arginine vasopressin (brain neurotransmitter

Back 39

Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)

Front 40

Which hormone
- labor contractions, lactation
- possible role sperm transport, emotional bonding

Back 40

Oxytocin (OT)

Front 41

___ & ______are produced in hypothalamus, transported down to posterior lobe by hypothalamo-hypophyseal tract & stored in the posterior pituitary

Back 41

OT & ADH

Front 42

Which lobe controls releasing hormones and inhibiting hormones of hypothalamus?

Back 42

Anterior lobe

Front 43

Which lobe controls neuroendocrine reflexes?

Back 43

Posterior lobe

Front 44

Give example of hormone release in response to nervous system signals.

Back 44

Suckling infant--> stimulates nerve endings --> hypothalamus --> posterior lobe --> oxytocin --> milk ejection

Front 45

Give an example of hormone release in response to higher brain centers.

Back 45

Milk ejection reflex can be triggered by a baby's cry

Front 46

ADH is released through increased _____ or _______.

Back 46

Osmolarity or sStretch

Front 47

** pituitary dwarfism
-childhood decrease GH
**diabetes insipidus
-decrease ADH, 10x normal
urine output

Back 47

Hypopituitarism

Front 48

**childhood
-gigantism
**adult
-acromegaly - thickening of bones,
soft tissues of hands, feet and face

Back 48

Hyperpituitarism

Front 49

* Peak secretion 1-5 yr, by puberty 75%lower
* Serotonin/day ==> Melatonin/night
* ? regulate time of puberty
* Melatonin increase in SAD + PMS, decrease by phototherapy

Back 49

Pineal Gland

Front 50

*ON: mediastinum, superior to heart
*Involution after puberty
*Secretes hormones (thymopoietin & thymosin) that regulate development and later activation of T-lymphocytes

Back 50

Thymus

Front 51

* Largest endocrine gland
* Anterior and lateral sides of trachea
* 2 large lobes connected by isthmus

Back 51

Thyroid Gland

Front 52

Thyroid follicles
-filled with colloid and lined with simple cuboidal epith. (follicular cells) that secretes WHAT 2 hormones

Back 52

T3 (triiodothyronine)
&
T4 (tetraiodothyronin or thyroxine)

Front 53

Effects of Thyroid hormone?

Back 53

* Increase body’s metabolic rate & O2 consumption
*Calorigenic effect - increase heat production
*Increase hrt rate & contraction strength
*Increase respiratory rate

Front 54

______ produce calcitonin that decrease blood Ca+2, promotes Ca+2 deposition and bone formation especially in children

Back 54

Parafollicular cells

Front 55

Name Thyroid Gland Disorders

Back 55

Congenital hypothyroidism
Myxedema
Endemic goiter
Toxic goiter

Front 56

Which Thyroid Gland Disorder
- infant suffers abnormal bone development, thickened facial features, low temperature, lethargy, brain damage

Back 56

Congenital hypothyroidism
(decrease TH)
{cretinism}

Front 57

Which Thyroid Gland Disorder
- low metabolic rate, sluggishness, sleepiness, weight gain, constipation, dry skin and hair, cold sensitivity, increase blood pressure and tissue swelling

Back 57

Myxedema
adult hypothyroidism, decrease TH)

Front 58

Which Thyroid Gland Disorder
- dietary iodine deficiency, no TH, no - feedback, increase TSH

Back 58

Endemic goiter
(goiter = enlarged thyroid gland)

Front 59

Which Thyroid Gland Disorder
- antibodies mimic TSH, increaseTH, exophthalmos [eyes buldge]

Back 59

Toxic goiter
(Graves disease)
{autoimmune}

Front 60

Parathyroid glands secrete PTH, which ....

Back 60

**increase blood Ca+2
-increase absorption
-decrease urinary excretion
-bone resorption

Front 61

NOTE:
* Hypoparathyroid
- surgical excision
- fatal tetany 3-4 days

Back 61

NOTE:
*Hyperparathyroid
-tumor; causes soft, fragile and
deformed bones, increase blood
Ca+2, renal calculi

Front 62

Releasing/inhibiting factors and hormones are produce & release from:
A. hypothalamus
B. ant. lobe of the pituitary gland
C. post. lobe of the pituitary gland.

Back 62

A. hypothalamus

Front 63

Adrenal Cortex synthesizes:

Back 63

Corticosteroids

Front 64

list the 3 types of corticosteroids:

Back 64

1. mineralocorticoids (act on the kidneys)
2. glucocorticoids (released in response to ACTH)
3. sex steroids

Front 65

Which corticosteroid:
* control electrolyte balance
* principal mineralcorticoid is aldosterone

Back 65

Mineralocorticoids

Front 66

Aldosterone ...

Back 66

* promotes Na+ retention & K + excretion
* released in response to hypotension, hyponatremia, & hyperkalemia

Front 67

Which corticosteroid:
* Cortisol (hydrocortisone), stimulates fat + protein catabolism, gluconeogenesis (from a.a.’s + FA’s) and release of fatty acids and glucose into blood to repair damaged tissues

Back 67

Glucocorticoids

Front 68

Which corticosteroid:
* Long-term secretion suppresses the immune system
* Anti-inflammatory effect

Back 68

Glucocorticoids

Front 69

Which corticosteroid:
*androgens, including (DHEA) dehydroepiandrosterone (other tissues convert to testosterone) and estrogen (after menopause)

Back 69

Sex steroids

Front 70

Which adrenal disorder?
* causes hyperglycemia, hypertension, weakness, edema
* muscle, bone loss with fat deposition shoulders + face

Back 70

Cushing syndrome (adrenal tumor, excess ACTH)

Front 71

* causes enlargement of penis or clitoris & premature onset of puberty
* girls can result in masculinized genitals
* women deep voice, beard, body hair

Back 71

Adrenogenital Syndrome (AGS)
{Androgen hypersecretion}

Front 72

* Hyposecretion of glucocorticoids & mineralocorticoids [by AC]
* Hypoglycemia, Na+ & K+ imbalances, dehydration, hypotension, weight loss, weakness
*Causes increase pituitary ACTH secretion, stimulates melanin synthesis and bronzing of skin

Back 72

Addison Disease

Front 73

Pancreatic Hormones
Mostly exocrine gland with pancreatic islets of endocrine cells that produce:

Back 73

Insulin (from Beta cells)
Glucagon (fromAlpha cells)

Front 74

NOTE: Insulin (from Beta cells)
* secreted after meal with
* carbohydrates raises glucose blood levels
* stimulates glucose and amino

Back 74

acid uptake
* nutrient storage effect (stimulates glycogen, fat and protein synthesis)
* hypoglycemic hormone
* antagonizes glucagon

Front 75

NOTE: Glucagon (from Alpha cells)
* secreted in very low carbohydrate and high protein diet or fasting
* stimulates glycogenolysis, fat catabolism (release of FFA’s) and

Back 75

promotes absorption of amino acids for gluconeogenesis
* Hyperglycemic hormone as is GH, epinephrine, norepinephrine, and cortisol

Front 76

Signs and symptoms of Diabetes Mellitus:

Back 76

-polyuria, polydipsia, polyphagia
-hyperglycemia, glycosuria, ketonuria

Front 77

_____: blood glucose levels rise above transport maximum of kidney tubules, glucose remains in urine, osmolarity increases and draws water into urine

Back 77

osmotic diuresis

Front 78

** some cases have autoimmune destruction of Beta cells, (dx. age 12)
** TX: with diet, exercise, monitoring of blood glucose and periodic injections of insulin or insulin pump

Back 78

Type I (IDDM) - 10%

Front 79

**insulin resistance: target cells fails to respond to insulin
*TX with wt loss by diet and exercise
*oral meds improve insulin secretion or target cell sensitivity

Back 79

Type II (NIDDM) - 90%

Front 80

3 major risk factors Type II DM are:

Back 80

heredity
age (40+)
obesity

Front 81

cells cannot absorb glucose, rely on fat and proteins (weight loss + weakness)

Back 81

Acute pathology

Front 82

chronic hyperglycemia leads to neuropathy and cardiovascular damage

Back 82

Chronic pathology

Front 83

Acute pathology

Back 83

*fat catabolism increase FFA’s in blood and ketone bodies
*ketonuria promotes osmotic diuresis, loss of Na+ + K+
*ketoacidosis/ketone decrease bld pH

Front 84

Chronic pathology

Back 84

retina and kidneys (common in type I) atherosclerosis leading to heart failure (common in type II), and
gangrene

Front 85

Excess insulin injection or pancreatic islet tumor...

Back 85

Hyperinsulinism

Front 86

Hyperinsulinism
causes
triggers secretion of
side effects include

Back 86

Causes hypoglycemia, weakness and hunger
triggers secretion of epinephrine, GH and glucagon
SE anxiety, sweating and increase HR

Front 87

Uncorrected hyperinsulinism with disorientation, convulsions or unconsciousness

Back 87

Insulin shock

Front 88

Polyphagia that a person with DM experiences is due to:
A. The increase in osmolarity that occurs in the kidney tubules.
B. Although circulating levels of glucose are high, cells are unable to uptake the glucose.

Back 88

B. Although circulating levels of
glucose are high, cells are unable
to uptake the glucose.

Front 89

* Granulosa cells/wall of ovarian follicle
* Corpus luteum/follicle after ovulation
* Secrete inhibin/suppresses FSH
secretion

Back 89

Ovary

Front 90

Functions of Ovary

Back 90

* development of female reproductive
system and physique
* regulate menstrual cycle, sustain
pregnancy
* prepare mammary gland for lactation

Front 91

* Interstitial cell (b/t seminiferous tub.)
-produce testosterone
* Sustentacular cells
-secrete inhibin/suppresses FSH,
stabilizes sperm production rate

Back 91

Testes

Front 92

Functions of Testes

Back 92

* development of male reproductive
system and physique
* sustains sperm production and sex
drive

Front 93

Endocrine Functions of HEART

atrial natriuretic peptide

Back 93

* released in response to an increase in BP
* promotes the loss of Na+ and H2O by kidneys
* lowers blood volume and blood pressure

Front 94

Endocrine Functions of KIDNEYS

A. calcitriol (active Vit D)
B. erythropoietin

Back 94

A- increases absorption of Ca+2 and
phosphate and reduces loss for
bone deposition
B- stimulates bone marrow to produce
RBC's

Front 95

Endocrine Functions of LIVER

A. Angiotensinogen (a prohormone)
B. Erythropoietin (15%)
C. Somatomedins (IGFs)

Back 95

A. precursor of angiotensin II,
a vasoconstrictor
B-----
C. mediate action of GH

Front 96

Endocrine Functions of Stomach and Small Intestines (enteroendocrine cells)

Back 96

Enteric hormones

Front 97

{Endocrine Functions of GI}
** Stimulates gastric glands to
secrete HCl and enzymes
** Stimulates intestinal motility
** Relaxes ileocecal valve

Back 97

Gastrin

Front 98

{Endocrine Functions of GI}
Stimulates gastric motility

Back 98

Serotonin

Front 99

{Endocrine Functions of GI}
Stimulates HCl secretion

Back 99

Histamine

Front 100

{Endocrine Functions of GI}
Inhibits gastric secretion & motility; delays emptying of stomach; inhibits pancreas & gallbladder, reduces bld circulation & nutrient absorption

Back 100

Somatostatin

Front 101

{Endocrine Functions of GI}
Stimulate the pancreas and gallbladder

Back 101

Secretin and Cholecystokinin

Front 102

Endocrine Functions of PLACENTA
--secretes ______ to
*regulate pregnancy
*stimulate development of fetus and
mammary glands

Back 102

estrogen, progesterone and others

Front 103

Hormone Chemical classes:

Back 103

1. Steroids
2. Peptides and Glycoproteins
3. Monoamines (biogenic amines)

Front 104

-- Derived from cholesterol
*Sex steroids, corticosteroids

Back 104

Steroids

Front 105

** OT, ADH
** all releasing and inhibiting
hormones of hypothalamus
** most of anterior pituitary hormones

Back 105

Peptides and Glycoproteins

Front 106

- Derived from tyrosine
** catecholamines (norepinephrine,
epinephrine, dopamine)
**Thyroid hormones

Back 106

Monoamines (biogenic amines)

Front 107

Steroids and thyroid hormone are hydrophobic and must bind to _____ for transport

Back 107

Transport proteins (albumins and globulins)

Front 108

_________require transport protein, but easily enter cell

Back 108

Steroids and thyroid hormone

Front 109

________ transport easily in blood, but cannot enter cell and must bind to receptors

Back 109

Monoamines and peptides

Front 110

* A paracrine secretions
* derived from Arachidonic Acid
- released from plasma membrane
-2 enzymes lipoxygenase &
cyclooxygenase convert it

Back 110

Eicosanoids

Front 111

______ converts arachidonic acid to leukotrienes that mediate allergic and inflammatory reactions

Back 111

Lipoxygenase

Front 112

_____converts arachidonic acid to:
> Prostacyclin
> Thromboxanes
> Prostaglandins

Back 112

Cyclooxygenase

Front 113

* Produced by blood vessel walls
* Inhibits blood clotting
* Vasoconstriction

Back 113

Prostacyclin

Front 114

* Produced by blood platelets after
injury
* Override prostacyclin
* Stimulate vasoconstriction and
clotting

Back 114

Thromboxanes

Front 115

**Diverse group including
>>PGE’s: relaxes smooth muscle in bladder, intestines, bronchioles, uterus & stimulates contraction of blood vessels
>>PGF’s: opposite effects

Back 115

Prostaglandins

Front 116

Physiology of Blood
* pH?
* Osmolarity?
* Salinity?

Back 116

* pH- 7.35 to 7.45
* Osmolarity- 280-296 mOsm
* Salinity- 0.9%

Front 117

______ blood forces formed elements to separate from plasma

Back 117

Centrifuging

Front 118

_______ is % of total volume that is cells

Back 118

Hematocrit

Front 119

_______ is a mixture of proteins, enzymes, nutrients, wastes, hormones, and gases
** if allowed to clot, what remains
is called serum

Back 119

Plasma

Front 120

___ are most abundant plasma protein
-contributes to viscosity and
osmolarity and influences blood
pressure, flow and fluid balance

Back 120

Albumins

Front 121

__A__is precursor of fibrin threads that help form blood clots

__B__ provide immune system defenses

Back 121

A. Fibrinogen

B. Globulins

Front 122

Plasma contains ________:
- nitrogenous wastes(urea) are toxic end products of catabolism
- normally removed from the blood by the kidneys

Back 122

nitrogenous compounds

Front 123

Nutrients absorbed by palsma:

Back 123

glucose vitamins
fats minerals
etc

Front 124

Many ________are found in plasma
*sodium makes up 90% of plasma
cations accounting for more of
blood’s osmolarity than any other
solute

Back 124

electrolytes

Front 125

Blood Cell Production called

Back 125

Hemopoiesis

Front 126

NOTE: Hemopoietic tissues produce blood cells
** liver stops producing blood cells at birth, but spleen and thymus remain
involved with WBC production

Back 126

** red bone marrow produces RBCs, WBCs and platelets
**Stimulated by erythropoietin, thrombopoietin & colony-stimulating factors (CSFs)

Front 127

** drop in RBC count causes hypoxemia to kidneys
** EPO production increase
** stimulation of bone marrow
** RBC count increase in 3-4 days

Back 127

Erythrocyte Homeostasis

[Classic negative feedback control]

Front 128

Stimulus for erythropoiesis...

Back 128

** low levels of atmospheric O2
** increase in exercise
** hemorrhaging

Front 129

Nutritional Needs for Erythropoiesis

Back 129

>Iron
>B12 & Folic acid
>Vitamin C & Copper

Front 130

** lost daily through urine, feces, and bleeding
** men 0.9 mg/day and women 1.7 mg/day
** low absorption rate requires consumption of 5-20 mg/day

Back 130

Iron
((is key nutritional requirement for erythropoiesis))

Front 131

For rapid cell division

Back 131

B12 & Folic acid

Front 132

For cofactors for enzymes synthesizing RBCs

Back 132

Vitamin C & Copper

Front 133

RBC count & hemoglobin concentration indicate ...

Back 133

the amount of oxygen the blood can carry

Front 134

_______ is % of blood composed of cells
**men 42-52% cells
women 37-48% cells

Back 134

hematocrit

Front 135

_____ concentration of whole blood
*men 13-18g/dL
women 12-16g/dL

Back 135

hemoglobin

Front 136

_____ count
**men 4.6-6.2 million/microL
women 4.2-5.4 million/microL

Back 136

RBC

Front 137

Values are______ in women
- androgens stimulate RBC production
- women have periodic menstrual losses

Back 137

Lower

Front 138

**______ live for 120 days
-membrane fragility -- lysis in
narrow channels in the spleen
-also liver

Back 138

RBCs

Front 139

_______ is an excess of RBC
==Dangers==
-increased blood volume, pressure
& viscosity can lead to embolism,
stroke or heart failure

Back 139

Polycythemia

Front 140

Deficiency of RBCs or Hb

Back 140

Anemia

Front 141

Causes of anemia

Back 141

* inadequate erythropoiesis or
hemoglobin synthesis
* hemorrhagic anemias from loss of bld
* hemolytic anemias from RBC
destruction

Front 142

NOTE:
* inadequate vit B12 from poor
nutrition or lack of intrinsic factor
from glands of the stomach
(pernicious anemia)

Back 142

* iron-deficiency anemia
* kidney failure & insufficient erythropoietin hormone

Front 143

Effects of anemia

Back 143

* tissue hypoxia and necrosis
(short of breath & lethargic)
* low blood osmolarity (tissue edema)
* low blood viscosity (heart races &
pressure drops)

Front 144

________ is secreted in response to hypoxia and produces a negative feedback loop that raises the oxygen carrying capacity of the blood.

Back 144

E. Erythropoietin

Front 145

-- called agglutinogens A & B
-- inherited combinations of proteins,
glycoproteins and glycolipids on red
blood cell

Back 145

RBC antigens

Front 146

-- called agglutinins anti-A & -B
-- responsible for RBC agglutination in
mismatched blood transfusions

Back 146

Plasma antibodies

Front 147

--Agglutinated RBCs block blood vessels & rupture
** free Hb can block kidney tubules & cause death

Back 147

Mismatched Transfusion Reaction

Front 148

--Rh or D agglutinogens discovered in rhesus monkey in 1940
--blood type is Rh+ if agglutinogens present on RBCs

Back 148

The Rh Group

Front 149

______ are not normally present in blood
**form only in individuals exposed to
Rh+ blood

Back 149

Anti-D agglutinins

Front 150

**Rh- pregnant woman carrying an
Rh+ fetus or blood transfusion of
Rh+ blood
** no problems result w/either first transfusion or the first pregnancy, abortion or miscarriage

Back 150

A potential problem

Front 151

hemolytic disease of the newborn ___________ occurs if mother has formed antibodies & is pregnant with 2nd Rh+ child

Back 151

Erythroblastosis fetalis

Front 152

___________is given to pregnant woman to prevent antibody formation and prevent any future problems

Back 152

RhoGAM

Front 153

_____ binds fetal agglutinogens in her blood so she will not form antibodies against them during the

Back 153

RhoGAM

Front 154

Granulocyte Functions
> Neutrophils
> Eosinophils
> Basophils

Back 154

N= (increase in bacterial infections)
E= (increase in parasitic infections or
allergies)
B=(increase in chicken pox, sinusitis,
diabetes)

Front 155

->secrete histamine (vasodilator)
->secrete heparin (anticoagulant)

Back 155

Basophils

Front 156

Agranulocyte Functions:
Lymphocytes
Monocytes

Back 156

L=> increase in diverse infections &
immune responses
** secrete antibodies & provide
immune memory
M=>increase in viral infect. & inflam.

Front 157

= low WBC count (<5000/micoL)
*effects -- elevated risk of infection

Back 157

Leukopenia

Front 158

= high WBC count (>10,000/microL)
*causes -- infection, allergy & disease
*differential count -- distinguishes %
of each cell type

Back 158

Leukocytosis

Front 159

= cancer of hemopoietic tissue
*uncontrolled WBC production
*effects -- normal cell % disrupted,
patient subject to opportunistic
infection, anemia & impaired clotting

Back 159

Leukemia

Front 160

The Control of Bleeding
-Effective at closing breaks in small
vessels
-3 hemostatic mechanisms all
involve platelets

Back 160

Hemostasis

Front 161

3 hemostatic mechanisms :

Back 161

a. Vascular Spasm
b. Platelet Plug Formation
c. Coagulation (blood clotting)

Front 162

Prompt constriction of a broken vessel

Provides time for other 2 mechanisms to work

Back 162

Vascular Spasm

Front 163

Triggers for a vascular spasm

Back 163

* pain
* injury to smooth muscle
* platelets release serotonin,
chemical vasoconstrictor

Front 164

* Normal endothelium very smooth &
coated with prostacyclin (platelet
repellent)
* Broken vessel exposes rough
surfaces of collagen

Back 164

Platelet Plug Formation

Front 165

Platelet plug formation begins

Back 165

**platelet pseudopods stick to damaged vessel & other platelets --
contract & draw walls of vessel together forming a platelet plug
**platelets degranulate releasing a variety of substances

Front 166

Platelet Plug Formation is a ________ cycle is active until break in vessel is sealed

Back 166

Positive feedback

Front 167

___ is the most effective defense against bleeding --- needs to be quick but accurate

Back 167

Clotting

Front 168

framework of clot??

Back 168

conversion of plasma protein fibrinogen into insoluble fibrin threads which form framework of clot

Front 169

inactive form produced by the liver are present in the plasma
*activate one factor and it will
activate the next to form a reaction
cascade

Back 169

Procoagulants or clotting factors

Front 170

Factors released by the tissues cause the ________ cascade pathway to begin (damaged vessels)

Back 170

extrinsic

Front 171

Factors found only in the blood itself causes the _____ cascade pathway to begin (platelet degranulation)

Back 171

intrinsic

Front 172

{Both cascades normally
occur together}

_____is required for either pathway

Back 172

Calcium

Front 173

The Fate of Blood Clots

Clot retraction occurs within __minutes

Back 173

30

Front 174

* factor XII speeds up the formation of
kallikrein enzyme
* kallikrein converts plasminogen into
plasmin, a fibrin-dissolving enzyme
or clot buster

Back 174

Fibrinolysis or dissolution of a clot

Front 175

Prevention of Inappropriate Coagulation

Back 175

>Platelet repulsion
>Thrombin dilution
>Natural anticoagulants

Front 176

^ platelets do not adhere to prostacyclin-coating

Back 176

Platelet repulsion

Front 177

^ normally diluted by rapidly flowing blood
-- heart slowing in shock can result in clot formation

Back 177

Thrombin dilution

Front 178

^ antithrombin produced by the liver deactivates thrombin before it can act on fibrinogen
^ heparin secreted by basophils & mast cells interferes with formation of prothrombin activator

Back 178

Natural anticoagulants

Front 179

Unwanted coagulation
__A__ = abnormal clotting in unbroken vessel
__B__= unwanted clot traveling in a vessel

Back 179

A. thrombosis

B. embolism

Front 180

Infarction or tissue death may occur if clot blocks blood supply to an organ...

Back 180

MI or stroke

Front 181

* widespread clotting of blood within
unbroken vessels
* triggered by bacteria (septicemia) or
if blood slows down or stops as in
cardiac arrest

Back 181

Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC)

Front 182

Which of the following agents opposes (prevents) coagulation?
A. thrombin B. vitamin K
C, thromboplastin
D. Hageman factor E. heparin

Back 182

E. heparin