Physiology Test #3: Cardiac Physiology Part 1

Front 1

The circulatory system is composed of:

Back 1

3 basic components:
1) heart
2) blood vessels
3) blood

Front 2

1) the heart serves as a ___ that establishes a ____ needed for blood to flow___
2) blood vessels are ___ through which blood is __from ___
3) blood is a ___within which __being___are ___ or ___

Back 2

1) pump; pressure gradient; to tissues
2) passageways; distributed; heart to all parts of the body and back to the heart
3) transport medium; nutrients; transported; dissolved; suspended

Front 3

Heart: Anatomy Review

Back 3

1) wall
2) chambers and septa
3) vessels
4) valves

Front 4

Wall of the heart is composed of...

Back 4

3 layers:
1) epicardium-outermost serous layer; visceral pericardium
2) myocardium- middle layer; made of cardiac muscle
3) endocardium- inner layer; endothelium

Front 5

Heart Chambers:
1) the left and right side of the heart...
2) how many chambers of the heart?

Back 5

1) act as separate pumps
2) 4 chambers

Front 6

List the chambers of the heart

Back 6

1) atria (2): receiving chambers (right atrium and left atrium)
2) ventricles (2): discharging chambers (right ventricle and left ventricle)

Front 7

Chambers of the heart:
1) atria are referred to as...
2) ventricles are referred to as..

Back 7

1) receiving chambers
2) discharging chambers

Front 8

Heart: Vessels
1) into the atria: ___

Back 8

Into the atria: incoming vessels
1) pulmonary veins (4): enter left atrium
2) vena cava (2): enter right atrium (superior and inferior vena cava)

Front 9

Heart: Vessels:
1) from the ventricles:

Back 9

from the ventricles: outgoing vessels
1) aorta- leave left ventricle
2) pulmonary arteries- leave right ventricle (left and right)

Front 10

1) artery = ___
2) vein = ___

Back 10

1) going out
2) coming in

Front 11

Heart: Valves
1) there are __valves in the heart

Back 11

4 valves:
1) atrioventricular valve (AV)-between atria and ventricle
- right side of heart: tricuspid valve
- left side of the heart: bicuspid or mitral valve
2) semilunar valve -between ventricle and artery
-aortic semilunar valve (left)
-pulmonary semilunar valve (right)

Front 12

AV Valves (Atrioventricular valves):
1) when pressure is greater above the valve, it ___
2) when pressure is greater below the valve it___

Back 12

1) opens
2) closes; but it doesn't open in the opposite direction; i.e., it is a one way valve

Front 13

Semilunar Valve:
1) when pressure is greater above the valve, it ___
2) when pressure is greater below the valve it___

Back 13

1) closes; but it doesn't open in the opposite direction; i.e. it is a one way valve
2) opens

Front 14

Heart: Valves
1) allow blood to flow___

Back 14

1) in only one direction (veins-> atria->ventricles->arteries)

Front 15

Compare the wall of the left ventricle vs. the wall of the right ventricle

Back 15

The wall of the left ventricle is thicker than the wall of the right ventricle

Front 16

Blood flow through the heart (starting with body tissues)

Back 16

1) Body tissues (systemic circulation)
2) superior and inferior vena cava
3) right atrium
4) tricuspid valve
5) right ventricle
6) pulmonary semilunar valve
7) pulmonary trunk
8) pulmonary arteries
9) lung tissue (pulmonary circulation)
10) pulmonary veins (4)
11) left atrium
12) bicuspid or mitral valve
13) left ventricle
14) aortic semilunar valve
15) aorta
16) body tissues (systemic circulation)

Front 17

Conduction System of the Heart: components (___) are:

Back 17

Components (cardiac muscle cells)
1) sinoatrial node (SA node)
2) atrioventricular node (AV node)
3) atrioventricular bundle (bundle of his)
4) bundle branches (right and left bundles)
5) purkinje fibers

Front 18

Note: there are no ___ in the atrium

Back 18

Purkinje fibers

Front 19

Pacemaker activity ___in various cells:
1) cell A has a steeper SLOPE, therefore it has a __
2) cell B has a SLOPE that is not very steep, therefore it has a __

Back 19

differs
1) faster rate of depolarization
2) slower rate of depolarization

Front 20

Heart Beat Origin and Conduction 1) Begins in the ___ (___)
2) Non-SA nodal cells are ____
3) heart will beat at a rate of ___ (___)-think of train with __leading

Back 20

1) SA node (normal pacemaker)
2) latent pacemakers
3) highest pacemaking cell (SA node); SA node

Front 21

AV node delay 1) slows ___coming from ___to ___
2) Significance: complete __before ___; prevent___of atria and ventricles

Back 21

1) conduction of AP; SA node; ventricle
2) filling of ventricles; they contract; simultaneous contraction

Front 22

1) AV node ___and deliberates ___ (___)
2) make sure ___contract first, then after __, __contract
3) once crosses barrier (through AV node) ___will carry around rest of heart
4) within AV node, the number of gap junctions ___ (reason for slowing it down)

Back 22

1) receives information; delays; (AV nodal delay)
2) atria; delay; ventricles
3) purkinje fibers
4) decreases

Front 23

Heart Beat Origin and Conduction Steps 1) ___
2) ___goes ___ to the ___ via ___
3) ___ spreads ___across___; conduction __through ___
4) ___moves ___through ___to the ___
5) ___wave spreads__from the __

Back 23

1) SA node depolarizes
2) electrical activity; rapidly; AV node; internodal pathways
3) depolarization; more slowly; atria; slows; AV node
4) depolarization; rapidly; ventricular conducting system; apex of the heart
5) depolarization; upward; apex

Front 24

AV Nodal Delays: 1) conduction is __ in the AV node
2) due to: ___ (__) and ___
3) lasts for ___
4) allows: ____ and ___

Back 24

1) slowed
2) smaller fibers (lowest diameter); fewer gap junctions
3) 0.1 sec
4) atrial contraction BEFORE ventricular contraction; complete ventricular filling

Front 25

Artificial Pacemakers are needed when:
1)
OR
2)

Back 25

1) sinus rhythm is too slow
2) conduction block

Front 26

Conducting vs. Contractile Cells
1) Conducting Cells: RMP around __; TP around ___
2) Contractile Cells: RMP around __; TP around __

Back 26

1) -60mV; -40mV
2) -90mV; -70mV

Front 27

Action Potential in Non-conducting cells (i.e. ___)
1) AP is different in __ and __
2) RMP is ___
3) what are the phases?

Back 27

Contractile cells
1) shape; ionic movements
2) constant at -90mV
3) rising phase, plateu phase, and falling phase

Front 28

Action Potential in Non-conducting cells (i.e. contractile cells)
The phases:
1) Rising phase: is ___
2) Plateau phase: in ___ (due to ___)
3) Falling phase: due to ___

Back 28

1) vertical
2) early repolarization; Ca2+ influx
3) K+ efflux

Front 29

Action Potential in Non-conducting cells (i.e. contractile cells)
1) cardiac muscle does NOT show ___-because of ___

Back 29

1) tetany; long refractory period

Front 30

Action Potential in Non-conducting cells: (i.e. contractile cells) 1) Refractory period is as long as the ____

Back 30

1) contractile activity

Front 31

Action Potential in Non-conducting cells: Cardiac muscle does NOT show ___
1) because of a ____
2) caused by the ___
3) due to ____

Back 31

tetany
1) long refractory period
2) plateau phase in AP
3) slow Ca2+ influx during repolarization

Front 32

*Ca2+ entry through L-type channels in T-tubules triggers larger release of Ca2+ from sarcoplasmic reticulum
* Ca2+ induced Ca2+ released

Back 32

excitation-contraction coupling

Front 33

Excitation-Contraction Coupling
1) ___entry through ___channels in ___triggers ___release of __from ____
2) Ca2+ ___Ca2+ ___-leads to ___and ___
3) Ca2+ from ___ and ___

Back 33

1) Ca2+; L-Type; T-tubules; larger; Ca2+; sarcoplasmic reticulum
2) induced; released; cross-bridge cycling; contraction
3) ECF; SR

Front 34

Steps in Excitation-Contraction Coupling 1) __enters from ___
2) __open, ___enters cell
3) Ca2+ ___Ca2+___through __
4) local__causes __
5) summed ___create a ___
6) __bind to ___to ___
7) relaxation occurs when Ca2+ ___
8) Ca2+ is __into the __for___
9) Ca2+ is __with__ (__)
10) __gradient is maintained by the __

Back 34

1) AP; adjacent cell
2) VG Ca2+ channels; Ca2+
3) induces; releases; Ryanodine receptor-channels (RyR)
4) release; Ca2+ spark
5) Ca2+ sparks; Ca2+ signal
6) Ca2+ ions; troponin; initiate contraction
7) unbinds from troponin
8) pumped back; SR; storage
9) exchanged; Na+ (NCX)
10) Na+; Na+-K+ ATPase

Front 35

Excitation-Contraction Coupling 1) ECF-Ca2+ --__--> ____
2) SR-Ca2+---___-->____

Back 35

1) out through; NCX
2) removed by; SERCA

Front 36

Electrocardiogram (__/__)
1) the __of __of the ___
2) ___: instrument for ECG
3) the electrocardiogram is __

Back 36

(ECG/EKG)
1) recording; electrical activities; heart muscles
2) Electocardiograph
3) the recording

Front 37

Electrocardiogram (ECG/EKG): 1) the __of ___of the___
2) It compares __detected by ___at ___-by wearing ___can detect activities

Back 37

1) recording; total electrical activities; heart muscles
2) voltage; electrodes; 2 different points on the body surface; leads

Front 38

Electrocardiogram (ECG/EKG) 1) by wearing ___can detect activities
2) __leads:
3) __-right arm to left arm
4) __-right arm to left leg
5) __-left arm to left leg
6) __-right arm
7) __-left arm
8) __-left leg
9) notice: nothing goes to __
10) this all makes up __

Back 38

1) leads
2) limb leads
3) lead I
4) lead II
5) lead III
6)aVR
7) aVL
8) aVF
9) right leg
10) Einthoven's Triangle

Front 39

Electrocardiogram (ECG/EKG) : LIMB LEADS
1) leads ___to___
2) lead __ is typical
3) lead __,__ and __are INFERIOR leads
4) Lead _ is LATERAL lead
5) __is a SUPERIOR lead (__) - remember: because not on right leg

Back 39

1) I to III
2) II (right arm to left leg)
3) II, III, avL
4) I
5) aVR (NOT USED)

Front 40

Electrocardiogram (ECG/EKG): CHEST LEADS
1) also known as ___
2) leads __to__
3) __leads
4) view electrical activity in the ___
5) __and __are also LATERAL leads

Back 40

1) precordial leads
2) V1 to V6
3) anterior
4) horizontal plane
5) V5 and V6

Front 41

Electrocardiogram (ECG/EKG) 1) Normal ECG shows ___

Back 41

1) 3 waves: P wave, QRS complex, & T wave

Front 42

Electrocardiogram (ECG/EKG): Normal ECG shows 3 waves
1) P wave: ____
2) QRS complex: ___
3) T wave: ____

Back 42

1) atrial depolarization
2) ventricular depolarization
3) ventricular repolarization

Front 43

Electrocardiogram (ECG/EKG): Normal ECG shows 3 waves
1) Atria contract ___
2) Ventricles contract ___
3) Ventricles relax ___
4) goes in a specific ORDER: __,__,then__wave (pattern in heartbeat)

Back 43

1) after P wave
2) after QRS wave
3) after T wave
4) P, QRS, T

Front 44

Electrocardiogram (ECG/EKG): *Waves are studied for their, ___

Back 44

1) shape
2) strength
3) timing

Front 45

Electrocardiogram (ECG/EKG): 1) Intervals ___are important
2) R-R interval = __
3) P-R interval = ___
4) QRS width = ___
5) NOTE: U wave = ___

Back 45

1) between waves
2) heart rate
3) 0.12-0.2s
4) 0.1-0.12s
5) depolarization of papillary muscles