Physiology Test #2

Front 1

structures at the peripheral endings of afferent neurons that respond to stimuli

Back 1

receptors

Front 2

receptors are structures at the __1_of __2_ neurons that __3__to stimuli

Back 2

1) peripheral endings
2) afferent
3) respond

Front 3

receptors convert the _1_ into _2_-->_3_

Back 3

1) stimuli
2) electrical signals
3) transduction

Front 4

Receptor Classification: based on ___
1) respond to visible wavelength of light
2) sensitive to mechanical energy
3) sensitive to heat and cold
4) detect changes in the concentration of solutes in body fluids
5) sensitive to specific chemicals such as the concentration of oxygen in the blood
6) a pain receptor that is sensitive to tissue damage

Back 4

nature of stimulus
1) photoreceptor
2) mechanoreceptor
3) thermoreceptor
4) osmoreceptor
5) chemoreceptor
6) nociceptor

Front 5

efferent division is made up of what?

Back 5

1) somatic nervous system
2) autonomic nervous system

Front 6

somatic nervous system-->_1_ -->_2_(what effector organs)

Back 6

1) motor neurons
2) skeletal muscles

Front 7

autonomic nervous system-->_1_ -->_2_ (effector organs)

Back 7

1) sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system
2) smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands

Front 8

Receptor physiology
1) a receptor can be a cell closely associated with the __ of a neuron, or
2) a ___ of an ___

Back 8

1) peripheral ending
2) specialized ending; afferent neuron

Front 9

Receptor Physiology:
1) stimulus alters the __ of the cells of a receptor, producing a __ (two types: __ and __)

Back 9

1) permeability; graded potential; receptor; generator potentials

Front 10

Name the two types of graded potentials

Back 10

1) receptor potentials
2) generator potentials

Front 11

Graded potentials: Receptor Potentials
1) occur in __
2) stimulus opens ion channels in receptor causing ___
3) receptor cell releases ___
4) ___opens ion channels in __ AP generating region
5) if a threshold reached, AP __
6) ion channels

Back 11

1) separate receptor cells
2) graded membrane potential
3) chemical messenger
4) chemical messenger; afferent neuron
5) is generated
6) chemically gated channels

Front 12

Graded Potentials: Generator Potentials
1) occur in ___
2) stimulus opens ion channels in __ causing ___
3) ___ opens ion channels in __AP generating region
4) If threshold is reached, AP __
5) ion channels

Back 12

1) specialized nerve endings
2) receptor; local current flow
3) local current flow; afferent neuron
4) is generated
5) voltage gated channels

Front 13

Initiation of AP in the different fibers:
where is the site of initiation of action potential in each of the different fibers

Back 13

1) afferent neuron = by receptor
2) interneuron = by the cell body
3) efferent neuron = by the cell body

Front 14

Initiation of AP in the different fibers:
what is the direction of propagation of action potential

Back 14

1) Afferent neuron-->interneuron-->efferent neuron

Front 15

Types of Receptors:
1) are neurons with free nerve endings
2) have nerve endings enclosed in connective tissue capsules
3) are cells that release neurotransmitter onto sensory neurons, initiating an action potential

Back 15

1) simple receptors
2) complex neural receptors
3) special senses receptors

Front 16

Sensory Pathways:
- stimulus as _1_ -->_2_
-receptor acts as a _3_ (stimuli-->electrical signals)
- _4_signal-->usually change in _5_

Back 16

1) physical energy
2) sensory receptor
3) transducer
4) intracellular signal
5) membrane potential

Front 17

Sensory Pathways:
-Stimulus > _1_ -->_2_
- Integration in CNS--> _3_ or acted on subconsciously

Back 17

1) threshold
2) AP to CNS
3) cerebral cortex

Front 18

Sensory Pathways: External Stimuli
1) olfactory pathways from the nose project through the __ to the __
2) most sensory pathways project to the __; it modifies and relays information to cortical centers
3) equilibrium pathways project to the __

Back 18

1) olfactory bulb; olfactory cortex
2) thalamus
3) cerebellum

Front 19

Sensory Pathways: Internal Stimuli
-received at the _5_

Back 19

1) touch
2) pain
3) temperature
4) proprioception
5) primary somatosensory cortex

Front 20

Sensory Pathways: 3 levels of neurons

Back 20

1) first-order
2) second-order
3) third-order

Front 21

Sensory Pathways: 3 levels of neurons
1) first-order
2) second-order
3) third-order

Back 21

1) cell body in dorsal root (begins at receptor and ends at spinal cord level)
2) cell body in dorsal horn of spinal cord or medullary nuclei
3) in the thalamus (thalamus--> primary somatosensory cortex)

Front 22

Sensory Coding consists of:

Back 22

1) modality
2) location
3) intensity
4) duration

Front 23

Sensory Coding:
1) type of receptor activated and __ (grocery store)
2) coded by site of the stimulated receptor; precision of location = __, __ and __
3) frequency of action potential; stronger stimuli also affect a __and recruit a __ of receptors
4) depends on ___; __ and __ receptors

Back 23

1) modality; labeled lines
2) location; acuity, receptive field, and lateral inhibition
3) intensity; larger area; larger number
4) duration; adaptation; tonic and phasic receptors

Front 24

what type of receptor is this coming from; what is type of stimulus you're talking about

Back 24

modality

Front 25

Sensory coding: Modality
1) a particular sensory modality is detected by a __
2) then it is sent over a ___
3) it is then received by a __ in the __

Back 25

1) specialized receptor
2) labeled line
3) defined area; somatosensory cortex

Front 26

Labeled Line: think grocery store
1) consist of ___
2) sequentially interconnected by__
3) with each step the input is processed __
4) forms a ____committed to a ___

Back 26

1) discrete chain of neurons
2) synapses
3) further
4) neural pathway; specialized receptor

Front 27

labeled lines keep afferent information _1_all the way up to the cortex

Back 27

1) separate

Front 28

Sensory Coding: Receptive Fields
1) the receptive fields of 3 primary sensory neurons ___
2) the primary sensory neurons __on the __
3) the secondary receptive field includes the __

Back 28

1) overlap
2) converge; secondary sensory neuron
3) 3 overlapping primary receptive fields

Front 29

1) With convergence, the receptor fields get __
2) smaller secondary receptor field, the ___

Back 29

1) bigger
2) greater the acuity

Front 30

many primary sensory neurons converging into a _1_ creates a very _2__secondary receptive field. The two stimuli will be perceived as a _3_ because both stimuli fall within the _4__

Back 30

1) single secondary sensory neuron
2) large
3) single point
4) same receptive field

Front 31

when fewer primary neurons converge, secondary receptive fields are __1__. The two stimuli activate __2__ and are perceived as __3__

Back 31

1) smaller
2) separate pathways
3) distinct stimuli

Front 32

smaller receptive fields/_1__--> _2_aquity

Back 32

1) less convergence
2) greater acuity

Front 33

less convergence--> _1_representation in the primary sensory cortex

Back 33

1) greater

Front 34

1) have neurons A, B, and C: primary sensory neurons all release neurotransmitter; secondary neurons (___ of other neurons (A and C), so only B releases neurotransmitter)
2) tertiary neurons of A and C are___

Back 34

1) lateral inhibition
2) not conducting an AP

Front 35

Inhibition of lateral neurons __perception of stimulus

Back 35

enhances

Front 36

Sensory Coding: Intensity of Stimulus
1) intensity of stimulus--> __of __ --> __of __ in the afferent neuron --> __released

Back 36

1) magnitude; receptor potential; frequency; APs; more neurotransmitter

Front 37

1) conveys information about the stimulus strength
2) stimulus strength is also reflected by __

Back 37

1) intensity of stimulus
2) size of area stimulated

Front 38

stronger stimuli --> __area--> __receptors respond-->__afferent fibers___

Back 38

larger; more; more; activated

Front 39

1) if increase the APs, __the # of neurotransmitters released
2) stronger the stimulus, the __the APs

Back 39

1) increase
2) greater

Front 40

Sensory Coding: Duration
1) coded by duration of __; depends on __

Back 40

1) AP; adaptation

Front 41

1) occurs when sensory receptors are subjected to an unchanging stimulus (_2_)
-receptor membranes become _3_
- receptor potentials _4_in frequency or _5_

Back 41

1) adaptation
2) sustained stimulation (humming in the AC-stays on for long time)
3) less responsive
4) decline
5) stop

Front 42

sustained stimulation (adaptation)

Back 42

unchanging stimulus

Front 43

Sustained stimulation may have 2 types of effects:

Back 43

1) tonic receptor activity (strong)
2) phasic receptor activity (shows phases)

Front 44

Sustained stimulation (unchanging stimulus) may have 2 types of effects:
1) depolarization only at the onset and end of stimulation (__); burst of activity but quickly reduce firing rate (adapt) if stimulus is maintained
2) depolarization is not diminished (No/low adaptation)

Back 44

1) phasic receptor activity; readily adapt
2) tonic receptor activity

Front 45

Sustained stimulation may have 2 types of effects:
1) No/low adaptation
2) no activity on neurons between 2 events (activity only when 2 events occur)

Back 45

1) tonic receptor activity
2) phasic receptor activity

Front 46

produce constant rate of firing as long as stimulus is applied

Back 46

tonic receptors

Front 47

responses only when stimulus is introduced and taken off

Back 47

phasic receptors

Front 48

e.g. pain receptors, muscle stretch receptors

Back 48

tonic receptors

Front 49

think:
1) duration --> __-->__--> __

Back 49

1) adaptation; sustained stimulation; tonic and phasic receptor activity

Front 50

eye: structure
1) role of iris in ___
2) role of lens: __
3) role of retina: __

Back 50

1) controlling light
2) accommodation
3) phototransduction; visual pathway

Front 51

1) controls size of pupil and amount of light that hits the retina
2) accommodates; can move around, bending/refraction
3) transducing light --> electrical signals (phototransduction)

Back 51

1) iris
2) lens
3) retina

Front 52

1) convex lens = ___
2) concave lens = ___

Back 52

1) converge
2) diverge

Front 53

1) contraction of circular muscles
2) opposite; relaxation of circular muscles

Back 53

1)constriction
2) dilation

Front 54

1) __controls the light entering the eye

Back 54

1) iris

Front 55

Iris controls the light entering the eye: types of stimulation

Back 55

1) parsympathetic stimulation
2) sympathetic stimulation

Front 56

Iris controls light entering the eye: Parasympathetic Stimulation
1) ___light
2) ___ (__) muscle runs __
3) pupillary___

Back 56

1) bright light
2) circular; constrictor; circularly
3) constriction

Front 57

Iris controls light entering the eye: Sympathetic Stimulation
1) __light
2) ___ (___) muscle runs ___
3) pupillary___
4) radial muscles __, circulary muscles __

Back 57

1) dim light
2) radial; dilator; radially
3) dilation
4) contract; relax

Front 58

1) brings iris more towards center

Back 58

1) parasympathetic stimulation

Front 59

In parasympathetic stimulation, when circular muscles __1__, radial muscles will__2__

Back 59

1) contract
2) relax

Front 60

In bright light:
1) ___stimulation
2) ___reflex
3) ___muscles contract

Back 60

1) parasympathetic stimulation
2) pupillary constriction
3) circular (constrictor)

Front 61

In dim light:
1) __stimulation
2) ___reflex
3) ____muscles contract

Back 61

1) sympathetic stimulation
2) pupillary dilation
3) radial (dilator)

Front 62

refraction and bending

Back 62

lens

Front 63

Refraction of light:
1) convex surface
2) concave surface

Back 63

1) converging light rays
2) diverging light rays

Front 64

Name the refractory structures of the eye:

Back 64

1) cornea
2) lens

Front 65

Refractory structures: Cornea
1) ___refractive ability than the lens
2) due to ___
3) refraction is ___
4) abnormality: ___

Back 65

1) greater
2) density difference
3) constant
4) astigmatism

Front 66

Refractory Structures: Lens
1) has ___ refractive ability
2) mechanism: ____

Back 66

1) adjustable
2) accommodation

Front 67

strength of lens depends on _1_

Back 67

1) its shape

Front 68

what is accommodation?

Back 68

the ability to adjust the strength of a lens by changing its shape

Front 69

lens shape is determined by___

Back 69

ciliary muscles

Front 70

Shape of the lens:
1) parasympathetic stimulation
2) sympathetic stimulation

Back 70

1) rounded strong lens
2) flattened weak lens

Front 71

In a NORMAL eye:
1) ciliary muscles are___
2) lens is __ and __ (ideal for __)
3) contraction makes lens __ for__

Back 71

1) relaxed
2) flat; weak; far vision
3) stronger; near vision

Front 72

Accommodation by the Lens
1) normal or harmonious vision
2) near sightedness or 'short sight'
3) far sightedness or 'long sight'

Back 72

1) emmetropia
2) myopia
3) hyperopia

Front 73

Role of the Retina

Back 73

1) phototransduction (light--> electrical signals)
2) visual pathway

Front 74

The Retina contains:

Back 74

1) optic nerve fibers
2) ganglion cells
3) amacrine cells
4) bipolar cells
5) horizontal cells
6) photoreceptor cells (rods and cones)

Front 75

Photoreceptor cells: rods and cones both contain

Back 75

1) outer segment
2) inner segment
3) synaptic terminal

Front 76

direction of light:

Back 76

front of retina
1) synaptic terminal
2) inner segment
3) outer segment
back of retina

Front 77

where photoreception takes place

Back 77

outer segment

Front 78

outer segment of rod cells:
1) contain__
2) photopigment __
-in the dark: _3_
- in the light: __4_

Back 78

1) stacks of dics
2) rhodopsin
3) cis (inactive)
4) trans (active)

Front 79

Rhodopsin cycle:
1) __ of the pigment: light absorption by rhodopsin triggers a series of steps in rapid succession in which retinal ___(__to__) and releases__
2) __of the pigment: slow conversion of all-__retinal to its __ form occurs in the pigment __: requires __ and ___

Back 79

1) bleaching; changes shape; (cis to trans); opsin
2) regeneration; trans; cis; epithelium; isomerase enzyme; ATP

Front 80

conversion of light stimulus into electrical signals

Back 80

phototransduction

Front 81

Phototransduction: Dark
1) high concentration of ___ ->
2) __in outer segment -->
3) __-->
4) spreads to __ and __in synaptic terminals -->
5) __in synaptic terminal (__)->
6) __inhibited-->
7) no __in __-->
8) no action potential propagation in __

Back 81

1) cyclic GMP
2) Na+ channels open
3) membrane depolarization
4) synaptic terminal; opens Ca2+ channels
5) release of inhibitory transmitter (inhibition)
6) bipolar cells
7) action potential; ganglion cell
8) visual cortex

Front 82

Phototransduction: Light
1) __of light
2) activation of ___-->
3) activation of ___ (through a __)-->
4) __in__-->
5) __of__-->
6) membrane___ (the __)

Back 82

1) absorption
2) retinene
3) transducin; cascade of reaction
4) decrease; cyclic GMP
5) closure; Na+ channels in outer segment
6) hyperpolarization (receptor potential)

Front 83

Phototransduction: light cont.
6) membrane hyperpolarization (receptor potential) -->
7) spreads to __-->
8) __of __-->
9) release of __ (__)-->
10) bipolar cells__ or __-->
11) __change in bipolar cell-->
12)( if of sufficient magnitude to bring ganglion cell to threshold) __in ganglion cell-->
13) propagation of action potential to __in the __ of the brain visual perception

Back 83

7) synaptic terminal
8) closure; Ca2+ channels in synaptic terminal
9) inhibitory transmitter (removes inhibition)
10) disinhibited; excited
11) graded potential
12) action potential
13) visual cortex; occipital lobe

Front 84

Phototransduction: Steps
1) Light energy splits __ into all __ retinal, releasing __
2) the freed __ activates the __
3) ___catalyzes activation of phospodiesterase (PDE)
4) PDE hydrolyzes __to__ and releases it from __
5) without bound cGMP, sodium channels__, the membrane__, and neurotransmitters___

Back 84

1) rhodopsin; trans; opsin
2) opsin; G protein transducin
3) transducin
4) cGMP; GMP; sodium channels
5) close; hyperpolarizes; can't be released

Front 85

Photoreceptor cells
1) night/dim vision (100 million)
2) acute and color vision (7 million)

Back 85

1) rod cells
2) cone cells

Front 86

1) in retina, the outer segment of photoreceptors

Back 86

1) photopigments

Front 87

4 types of photopigments

Back 87

1) rhodopsin (in rods)
2) red cone
3) green cone
4) blue cone

Front 88

color blindness is the result of the __

Back 88

lack of one cone type

Front 89

Night blindness (Nyctalopia):
1) __ is insufficient
2) caused by __

Back 89

1) rod function
2) Vitamin A deficiency

Front 90

move from bright area to darkened area

Back 90

dark adaptation
cones-->rods

Front 91

move from dark interiors to sunlight or bright area
-ex: coming out of the movie into daylight

Back 91

light adaptation
rods-->cones

Front 92

move from bright area to darkened area
1)__stop functioning in low light
2) rhodopsin___in the dark and retinal sensitivity is restored

Back 92

dark adaptation
1) cones
2) accumulates

Front 93

move from dark interiors to sunlight or bright area
1) dramatic decrease in___--__function is lost
2) switching from the __to the __system-__is gained

Back 93

light adaptation
1) retinal sensitivity; rod
2) rod; cone; visual acuity

Front 94

Visual Pathway:
1) AP generated in the __ (form the optic nerve)
2) Processed in the ___ of the brain
3) the path taken by the signals from the __ to the __

Back 94

1) ganglion cells
2) visual cortex
3) visual pathway; retina; visual cortex

Front 95

Structures involved in the visual pathway:

Back 95

1) optic nerve
2) optic chiasm
3) right and left optic tracts
4) lateral geniculate nuclei
5) optic radiation
6) visual cortex

Front 96

optic nerve from each eye meet at the _1_below the __2_

Back 96

1) optic chiasm
2) hypothalamus

Front 97

At the _1_, separation of information from the left and right halves of the retina

Back 97

1) optic chiasm

Front 98

Visual Pathway:
1) medial nerve fibers___
2) lateral nerve fibers__

Back 98

1) cross to the opposite side
2) remain on the same side

Front 99

Visual Pathway:
1) optic nerve from each eye meet at the optic chiasm and continue as ___ (has __half from one retina and __half from other retina)

Back 99

1) optic tracts; medial; lateral

Front 100

Visual Pathway:
1) each eye has its own __
2) right halves of the VF of both eyes received by the __
3) Left half VF of both eyes received by ___

Back 100

1) Visual fields
2) left visual cortex
3) right visual cortex