Physiology - Test 1 Info

Front 1

What is the difference between mitosis and meiosis?

Back 1

Mitosis - results in 2 daughter cells identical to the mother nucleus.

Meiosis - results in 4 daughter nuclei that differ genetically in composition from the mother nuclei.

Front 2

Comprised of 9 microtubule triplets in a 9 + 0 array.

Essential for movement of chromosomes during cell division; organization of microtubules in cytoskeleton.

Back 2

Centrosome (made of 2 centrioles - at right angles of each other)

Front 3

Movement of materials over cell surface.

Back 3

Cilia

Front 4

Protein synthesis. Big chuncks of RNA.
Amino Acids put together here.

Back 4

Ribosomes

Front 5

Breakdown and recycling of damaged or abnormal intracellular proetins.

Hollow cylinders of proteolytic enzymes with regulatory proteins at ends.

Back 5

Proteasomes

Front 6

Name 6 Non-membranous organells

Back 6

1. cytoskeleton
2. microvilli
3. centrocome
4. cilia
5. ribosomes
6. proteasomes

Front 7

Increase surface area to facilitate absorption of extracellular materials?

Back 7

Microvilli

Front 8

Name 5 Membranous organelles.

Back 8

1. Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER & RER)
2. Golgi apparatus (body)
3. Lysosomes
4. Peroxisomes
5. Mitochondria

Front 9

Modification and packaging of newly synthesized proteins.

Back 9

RER

Front 10

Lipid and carbohydrate synthsis

Back 10

ER

Front 11

Outer membrane of nuclear envelope is continuous with this.

Back 11

ER. Typically RER.

Front 12

Storage, alteration, and packaging of secretory products and lysosomal enzymes.

Transports and packages proteins released by the RER.

Back 12

Golgi Apparatus

Front 13

Intracellular removal of damaged organelles or pathogens.

Back 13

Lysosomes

Front 14

Catabolism of fats and other organic compounds; neutralization of toxic compounds generated in the process.

Back 14

Peroxisomes

Front 15

1. Produce 95% of the ATP required by the cell.
2. Has an internal and external membrane.
3. Site of aerobic respiration, whole reason we need atmospheric oxygen.
4. Body cannot manufacture it. Replicate themselves.
5. All come only from the mother.

Back 15

Mitochondria

Front 16

Site of rRNA synthesis and assembly of ribosomal subunits.

Dense mass, can be 1 or many

Back 16

Nucleolus

Front 17

H2O2 is a by product of reactions occurring here.

Back 17

Peroxisomes

Front 18

Larger than a vasicle, can be formed by phagocytosis. Also used for storage.

Back 18

Vacuolo

Front 19

Non-membrane bound structures - in order of decreasing size.

Back 19

1. Microtubules
2. Microfibrils
3. Microfilaments

Front 20

Few protein strands; used to move things. (Actin & Myacin)

Back 20

Microfilament

Front 21

Used for locomotion; flagellum, cilia.
Move cell or object past cell.

Back 21

Microtubules

Front 22

Name the families of organic molecules.

Back 22

1. Carbohydrates
2. Lipids
3. Proteins
4. Nucleic Acids

Front 23

What makes up carbohydrates?

Back 23

Starch, Glycogen, Cellulose

Front 24

What makes up lipids?

Back 24

fats, oils, waxes, phospholipids, steroids,

Front 25

What makes up Proteins?

Back 25

Amino Acids

Front 26

What makes up Nucleic Acids?

Back 26

RNA & DNA

Front 27

Define Enzyme

Back 27

Biological catalyst - lowers activation energy for chemical reactions.

Front 28

Levels of structural arrangement and their priority.

Back 28

1. Primary - sequence of AA's
2. Secondary - take primary and manipulate with H bonding (alpha helix - most common) or Beta Pleated sheet.
3. Tertiary - Change in tert - egg whites, curl hair. Core body temp VERY important.
4. Quaternary - 2 or more polypeptide chains wrap around each other and behave as a single unit. Not bonded, held together by shape.

Front 29

Describe Hemoglobin

Back 29

Prosthetic group; iron picks up oxygen
The iron is oxidized giving a rust color

Front 30

5 things Proteins are used for?

Back 30

1. Structural support
2. Transport molecules
3. Immune responses
4. Hormones
5. Recognition sited on cell membranes

Front 31

Define Passive Transport

Back 31

Move ions or molecules across the cell membrane with no expenditure of energy by the cell

Front 32

Define Active Transport

Back 32

Move ions or molecules across the cell membrane requiring the use of ATP

Front 33

Define Diffusion; (active or passive)?

Back 33

Passive molecular movement from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration.

Front 34

Define Osmosis; (active or passive)?

Back 34

Movement of water across a selectively permeable membrane from one solution to another solution that contains a higher solute concentration.

passive

Front 35

Describe Hypertonic

Back 35

Solution with higher solute concentration - therefore less water outside the cell. will pull water out of the cell and result in crenation of the cell.

Front 36

Describe Hypotonic.

Back 36

Lower solute concentration on the outside of the cell - therefore more water on the outside. Will result in water flowing into the cell causing hemolysis.

Front 37

Types of Active Transport

Back 37

1. Ion Pumps
2. Rocking Protein
3. Protein Elevator
4. Bulk Transport
5. Vesicular Transport
a. Endocytosis (Pinocytosis,
Phagocytosis)
b. Exocytosis

Front 38

Types of Passive Transport

Back 38

1. Diffusion
2. Osmosis
3. some carrier-mediated transport

Front 39

Describe Ion Pump transfer

Back 39

1. Active
2. Once molecules bind to receptor site, cell membrane will turn to transport into the cell.

Front 40

Describe Rocking Protein transfer.

Back 40

1. Active
2. Once molecules bind to receptor site, the carrier protein will rock to release the molecule into the cell without creating a direct opening to the outside of the cell.

Front 41

Describe Protein Elevator transport.

Back 41

1. Active
2. Molecule binds to receptor site. The cell expends energy to move molecule into cell (going up or down) and turn to release to the outside again.

Front 42

Describe Pinocytosis

Back 42

1. Vesicular transport - Endocytosis method.
2. Cell drinking
3. The cell membrane indents around dissolved substances in the interstitial fluid around the cell. Forms an endosome in the deep pocket and pinches off and brings into the cell.

Front 43

Describe Phagocytosis

Back 43

1. Vesicluar transport. Endocytosis method.
2. cell eating
3. The cell encounters foreign material, pseudopods form and surround the object and their membranes fuse to form a vesicle. The Phagosome then fuses with lysosomes where upon the contents are digested by lysosomal enzymes.
This is performed only by Macrophages

Front 44

Describe Exocytosis

Back 44

1. Vesicular transport.
2. A vesicle created inside the cell fuses with the cell membrane and discharges its contents into the extracellular environment.

Front 45

Describe Endocytosis

Back 45

1. Vesicular transport.
2. Types of Endocytosis: Pinocytosis, Phagocytosis
3. Extracellular materials are packaged in vesicles at the cell surface and imported into the cell.

Front 46

Define Genotype

Back 46

What alleles of a given gene are present. Your genetic blueprint.

Front 47

Define Phenotype

Back 47

Expressed characteristics (anatomical and physiological)

Front 48

Define Homologous Chromosome and pair

Back 48

The members of a chromosome pair (one donated from sperm - your father - and one donated from egg - your mother.

Front 49

Define Autosomal chromosomes

Back 49

Chromosomes other than the X and Y

Front 50

What makes up a homologous chromosome pair

Back 50

22 pairs are autosomal chromosomes
1 pair is sex chromosomes

Front 51

Define karyotype

Back 51

Entire set of chromosomes

Front 52

Define Allele

Back 52

Alternate forms of a particular gene

Front 53

Define Homozygous

Back 53

If the 2 chromosomes of a homologous pair carry the same allele of a particular gene, you are homozygous.
Ex. XX, xx,

Front 54

Define heterozygous

Back 54

Two different alleles of the same gene.
Ex. Xx, XY, xY

Front 55

Describe Incomplete Dominance

Back 55

Two alleles produce intermediate trates.
Intermediate inheritance. Both alleles express themselves.

Front 56

Describe Codominance

Back 56

Both alleles are expressed

Front 57

Define Simple Inheritance

Back 57

Phenotypes are determined by interactions between a single pair of alleles.

Front 58

Function of prostate gland

Back 58

secretes a milky fluid into the urethra which play a role in activating sperm.

Front 59

Function of the bulbourethral glands

Back 59

produce a thick, clear, alkaline mucus that drains into the membranous urethra. This secretion acts to wash residual urine urine out of the urethra when ejaculation occurs.

Front 60

Regions of the urethra

Back 60

1. Prostatic urethra
2. Membranous urethra
3. Penile urethra
4. External urethra