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71 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Homeostasis
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steady state; the condition in which an organisms internal environment remains within physiological limits despite environmental insults
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All food, vitamins, and minerals go through _____ to both enter and exit the body
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PLASMA
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What are the three major components of water in the human body?
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Intracellular Fluid: 10/15ths
Interstitial Fluid: 4/15ths Plasma: 1/15th |
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What are the minor fluid compartments?
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lymph and transcellular fluid (pockets of specialized fluid)
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What are the minor fluid compartments?
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lymph and transcellular fluid (pockets of specialized fluid)
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What are the two types of Regulatory mechanisms and give example
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Postive Feedback: stimulus produces and action that amplifies stimulus (uterus contractions: oxytocin)
Negative Feedback: stimulus produces an action that reduces the stimuls (high blood glucose: insulin) |
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What can fit through a capillary wall?
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any molecule smaller than a protein (ions, amino acids, monosaccharides, most lipids)
Note: blood cell (8um) cannot get out |
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What are the four structures of the Singer-Nicholsom Fluid Mosaic Model
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1) phospholipid bilayer
2) cholesterol 3) integral proteins 4) carbohydrates |
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What are the (2) functions of the phospholipid bilayer in the Fluid Mosaic Model?
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1) polar head and nonpolar tail block the movement of polar molecules into the cell
2) It is the structural backbone |
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What are the (6) functions of proteins in the Fluid Mosaic Model?
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1) support structure of the membrane
2) transport/form channels for polar molecules 3) function as enzymes that catalyze reactions at the surface of the cell 4) markers: identify cells 5) receptor proteins 6) neurotransmitter hormones |
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What is the function of cholesterol in the Fluid Mosaic Model?
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1) maintains membrane fluidity
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Name the (3) Protein Enabled Mechansims.
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1) Facilitated diffusion
2) active transport 3) Co-transport |
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Name Mechanisms that do not need a protein to enable their processes.
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1) Diffusion
2) Osmosis 3) Endocytosis 4) Pressure Driven Flow |
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What are the components of the Fick Equation?
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1) concentration gradient
2) surface area 3) membrane permeability (positive have poor perm/negative diffuse well) 4) Size of diffusing molecule 5) Thickness of membrane |
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What is the Fick Equation?
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Diffusion Rate= Concentration Gradient x surface area x membrane permeability / size of diffusing molecule x thickness of membrane
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What is the 8 Angstrom rule?
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Molecules that are polar and bigger than 8 Angstroms cannot move through the cell membrane via simple diffusion
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Note: when the hydrostatic pressure exerted by gravity is equivalent to osmotic pressure flow stops
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cool beans
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What is the Plasma Colloid Osmotic Pressure?
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It is the force attracting water back into capillary (remember that the heart is pushing water out of holes in capillary wall)
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What are GLUT1- GLUT5
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Facilitated diffusion proteins that help move molecules of flucose through the membrane
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Explain the role of insulin in glucose absorption.
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When insulin is present the GLUT proteins are found on the cell membrane,
when no insulin is present GLUT proteins are found in vesicles within the cell |
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Explain cysteinuria
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Cysteine is an amino acid that is reclaimed in the kidneys using facilitated diffusion. IF mecahnism fails, patient will have cystein present in their urine.
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Definition: Nervous System
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Group of cells responsible for sensing environmental challenges and integrating an organisms rsponse to those challenges
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Physiological Divisions of Nervous System
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1) sensory
2) integrative 3) motor a) somatic b) autonomic 1) parasympathetic 2) sympathetic |
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Physiological Divisions of Nervous System
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1) sensory
2) integrative 3) motor (somatic/autonomic) |
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Divisions of autonomic motor neurons
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1) parasympathetic
2) sympathetic |
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How many neurons long?
Sensory, integrated, motor |
sensory pathway= i neuron long
integrated pathway= variable motor= 1) somatic = 1 nueron 2) autonomic= 2 neuron long |
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How many neurons long?
Sensory, integrated, motor |
sensory pathway= i neuron long
integrated pathway= variable motor= 1) somatic = 1 nueron 2) autonomic= 2 neuron long |
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How many neurons long?
Sensory, integrated, motor |
sensory pathway= i neuron long
integrated pathway= variable motor= 1) somatic = 1 nueron 2) autonomic= 2 neuron long |
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Cranial nerves:
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12 pairs:
3 pairs are sensory 9 pairs of mixes (somatic/sensory) |
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Spinal nerves
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31 pairs:
all but first and last are mixed sensory/somatic -sympathetic: thoraxiv and lumbar only -parasympathetic: saccral only |
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Vagus Nerve
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Carries 80% of all parasympathetic neurons
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Optic Nerve
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all sensory neurons directly from photoreceptors
-blind spot is a result of the optic nerve |
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Which neurons take the shortest route possible?
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sensory neurons and the somatic motor neurons
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Which neurons take the seperate signals pathway?
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sympathetic (only in lumbar and thoracic) and parasympathetic (in saccrum)
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Which neurons take the seperate signals pathway?
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sympathetic (only in lumbar and thoracic) and parasympathetic (in saccrum)
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What are the four basic principles of sensory physiology?
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1) Adaptation: decrease sensitivity over time
2) Transduction: converting stimulus energy to electrical signals 3) Modality: converting electrical signals back into appropriate stimulus 4) Intenstity of Stimulus |
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Two types of adaptors
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1) Tonic Adapters: adapt slowly if at all, like pain and balance receptors
2) Phasic Adapters: quickly adapt like smell receptors and touch receptors |
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Two ways to measure INTENSITY of stimuli
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1) Frequency coating: individual receptors firing more or less frequently
2) population coating: more receptors firing depending on intensity |
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These sensors detect sensations outside of the body
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Exteroreceptors
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These sensors measure things inside the body
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Enteroreceptors
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These receptors give information about the body's position in space
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Proprioreceptors
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The receptors detect physical deformation of receptor cells
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Mechanoreceptors
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These receptors detect chemical changes
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chemoreceptors
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These receptors measure temperature
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Thermoreceptors
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These receptors detect pain
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Noiceptors
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The receptors detect light
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photoreceptors
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What are the six types of glial cells?
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1) Satellite cells: support cell body in PNS
2) Microglia: phagocytic macrophages in the CNS 3) Ependymal:line brain cavity and secrete cerebrospinal fluid 4) Astrocytes 5) Schwann Cells 6) Oligodendrocytes |
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What are the five functions of Astrocytes
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1) CNS glue
2) help repair brain injury 3) Help metabolize CNS neurotransmitters 4) Help buffer K+ in the brain (soak up extra K+) 5) helps establish the Blood Brain Barrier |
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Describe Schwann cells and their location.
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In PNS, one schwann cell warps one neuron, outermost layer of sheath is the cytoplasm/nucleus called the Basement membrane (helps neuron repair itself)
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Describe Oligodendrocytes
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In CNS, one oligodendrocyte wraps several neurons, outermost layer is myelin (no basement membrane)
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What is the disease where the myelin sheaths are progressively degenerating?
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Multiple Sclerosis
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What disease involves the degeneratiuon of dopamine secreting neurons in the CNS?
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Parkinson's disease
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What is the neurotransmitter that is associated with clinical depression and moonlights as a clotting substance in the PNS
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Seratonin
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Explain the somatic pathway.
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ACH (acetyl choline) is the neurotransmitter
Nicotinic Type 2 receptors Always EPP, End Plate Potential receptors |
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Explain the parasympathetic pathway
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ACH (acetyl choline) is the neurotransmitter
All receptors are Muscarinic type 1. Excite (EPSP) small intestine and stomach Inhhibit (IPSP) the heart |
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Explain the sympathetic pathway
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Epi/Norepi are the neurotransmitters
Receptors: Heart= Beta 1= EPSP Small Intestine= Alpha 2= IPSP Stomach=Beta 2 = IPSP Blood Vessels = Alpha 1 = EPSP |
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What are the Voltage Ions?
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Na+, K+, Ca++
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What are the Chemical Ions
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Na+, K+, Cl-
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what is a mathematical way to calculate which way an ion would go if the concentration gradient and electrical gradient differ?
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Nernst potential
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Explain the Chemical gates and how they open.
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Membrane at rest is -70mV
must reach -50mV to open the gates. When that happens sodium gates up and flood in until the cell reaches +40mV. the sodium gates close and the potassium gates open pumping out K+ until the cell reaches -70mV again. |
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Explain how a IPSP chemical gate works
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Cl- floods the cell making it hyperpolarized
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What is propagation?
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diffusion of Na+ ions from one set of gates to the next
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What is a refractory period?
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A phenomena that a second action potential cannot occur until the first action potential goes to completion
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Explain how the Conduction Zone stimulates the next neurotransmission zone
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the Na+ trips the Ca++ gates which triggers a series of events resulting in the release of another neurotransmitter
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Explain ACHE inhibitors
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Acetylcholinesterase is an enzyme that breaks down ACH.
Nerve gas and Neostigmine inhibit ACHE therefore prolonging ACH action nerve gas keeps skeletal muscles contracting producing cramps in the diaphram (air loss) and inhibits the heart--die of slo |
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Drug that blocks nerve gas
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Atropine
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Functions to break down Norepi and epi neurotransmitters (4)
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1) reuptake with reuse
2) diffusion away from synapse 3) reuptake with degradation: achieved by MAO enzyme (monamine oxidase) 4) uptake by post-synaptic structure with degradation by COMT enzyme (high in liver) |
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What is the invagination in the cell membrane of a muscle fiber called?
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T-Tubule
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Explain the sliding filament theory
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Z lines make of alphatactinin serve as an anchor for thin filaments which are pulled by thick filaments to contract the sacromere (one z-z line unit)
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What are the thick filaments made of
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Myosin
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what are the thin filaments made of
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Actin: which bonds to the myosin during contraction and the tropomyosin during rest
Tropomyosin: which binds to Actin during rest and troponin during contraction 3) Troponin: binds to tropomyosin at rest and calcium during contraction |
