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133 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Postsynaptic effect of serotonin
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excitatory
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postsynaptic effect of histamine
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excitatory
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postsynaptic effect of ATP
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excitatory
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postsynaptic effect of neuropeptides
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excitatory and inhibitory
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endocannabinoids postsynaptic effect
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inhibits inhibition
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nitric oxide postsynaptic effect
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excitatory and inhibitory
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precursor of serotonin
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tryptophan
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precursor to histamine
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histidine
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precursor to ATP
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ADP
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precursor to neuropeptides
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amino acids (protein synthesis)
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precursors to endocannabinoids
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membrane lipids
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precursors to nitric oxide
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arginine
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rate limiting step in synthesis of serotonin
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tryptophan hydroxylase
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rate limiting step in synthesis of histamine
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histidine hydroxylase
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rate limiting step in synthesis of ATP
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mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation & glycolysis
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rate limiting step in synthesis of neuropeptides
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synthesis and transport
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rate limiting step in synthesis of endocannabinoids
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enzymatic modification of lipids
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rate limiting step in synthesis of nitric oxide
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nitric oxide synthase
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removal mechanism of serotonin
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transports, MAO
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removal mechanism of histamine
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transporters
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removal mechanism of ATP
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hydrolysis to AMP and adenosine
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removal mechanism of neuropeptides
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proteases
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removal mechanisms of endocannabinoids
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hydrolasis of FAAH
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removal mechanism of nitric oxide
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spontaneous oxidation
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Type of vesicle for serotonin
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large dense core
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type of vesicle for histamine
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large dense core
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type of vesicle for ATP
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small clear
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type of vesicle for neuropeptides
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large dense core
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type of vesicle for endocannabinoids
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none
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type of vesicle for nitric oxide
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none
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describe the major events involved in the synthesis, packaging, secretion, and removal of peptide NT
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Peptide NT
1. synthesis of NT precursors and enzymes 2. transport of enzymes and peptide precursors down microtubule 3. enzymes modify precursors to produce peptide NT 4. NT diffuses away and is degraded by proteolytic enzymes |
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describe the major events involved in the synthesis, packaging, and removal of small molecule NT
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1. synthesis of enzymes in cell bodies
2. slow axonal transport of enzymes 3. synthesis and packaging of NT 4. release and diffusion of NT |
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true or false
ACh can bind to both nicotinic and muscarinic receptors |
True
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Describe the major events in ACh metabolism in cholinergic nerve terminals
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1. ACh is formed by the enzyme choline acetyltransferase using acetly CoA and choline
2. acetyl CoA is derived from pyruvate that is generated in glycolysis 3. choline is transported into the terminal by a Na+ dependent transporter 4. ACh is loaded into synaptic vesicles via a vesicle transporter 5. after ACh release, the enzyme acetylcholinesterase rapidly metabolizes ACh to acetate and choline 6. choline is then transported back into the presynaptic terminal by Na+/choline transporter 7. ACh binds to nicotinic or muscarinic receptors |
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example and role of norepinephrine in the nervous system
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biogenic amine NT
excitatory neuronal area limitied to the local coeruleus, brainstem nucleus that projects diffusely to the midbrain and telencephalon important in modifying sleep, walkefulness, attention, and feeding behavior |
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role of epinephrine in the nervous system
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excitatory biogenic amine
neuronal area found in the rostral medulla and lateral tegmental system project to hypothalamus & thalamus no known function |
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role of dopamine in the nervous system
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excitatory biogenic amine
neuronal area found in sustantia nigra and ventral tegmental area coordination of body movements |
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role of histamine in nervous system
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excitatory biogenic amine
neurons originate in the tuberomammillary nucleus of the hypothalamus released from mast cells and platelets in response to allergic reactions and tissue damage mediate arousal and attention |
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role of serotonin in nervous system
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excitatory biogenic amine
in groups of neurons in the raphe region of the pons and cerebellum also important in regulation of sleep and wakefulness |
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_______ is the study of the biochemical, mechanical, and physical functions that underlie life.
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Physiology
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Are processes of the body static or dynamic?
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dynamic
processes are always changing but always maintaining homeostasis |
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what type of systems make up the nervous system?
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two efferent nervous systems
somatic (voluntary autonomic (involuntary) |
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True or False
The somatic nervous system projects directly to the effector. |
True.
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What are the primary targets of the somatic nervous system?
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skeletal muscle
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How many steps are involved from original synapse to the effector in the autonomic nervous system?
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two steps to the effector
-cell body in the CNS -targets include the heart, bronchioles vascular smooth muscle, GI tract, bladder, and genitalia |
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Are pre-ganglionic axon of the ANS myelinated or unmyelinated?
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Myelinated
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Is the post-synaptic axon of the autonomic nervous system myelinated or unmyelinated?
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unmyelinated
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In the Autonomic nervous system what is the neurotransmitter that is released at the pre-ganglionic synapse?
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CNS to ganglion
-Acetylcholine (ACh) |
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What is the neurotransmitter released at the post-synaptic ganglion of the autonomic nervous system?
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Acetylcholine or Norepinephrine is released at the post-ganglionic synapse
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what are the various actions caused by release of NT at the post-synaptic cell on the effectors?
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contraction of smooth muscle, stimulation or inhibition of glandular secretion.
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What are the two major sub-divisions of the ANS?
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Sympathetic (fight or flight)
Parasympathetic (rest & digest) |
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What comprises the third component of the nervous system?
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Enteric nervous system
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what is the main point of control of the ANS?
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main point of control is the hypothalamus via output to reticular formation in brainstem and to spinal cord
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What is acts on nicotinic receptors?
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Acetylcholine
"Ashes come from nicotine" |
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Ionotropic receptor
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connects to ION channels sets up for a rapid response
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Metabotropic receptor
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do not form ion channel pore
-indirectly linked with ion channels on the plasma membrane of the cell through signal transduction mechanisms -often G proteins |
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Describe a parasympathetic post-synaptic parasympathetic receptors
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-ACh acts on MUSCARINIC receptors
-Metabotropic, second messanger system -5 pharmacological subtypes (M1-M5) -excitatory (M odd) -inhibitory (M even) -slow prolonged response |
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True or False
post-ganglionic cells differ between the parasympathetic and the sympathetic nervous systems. |
True
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When cations are used as NT are they excitatory or inhibitory?
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Excitatory
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Anions are ________ is the autonomic nervous system.
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Inhibitory
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What NT is released mainly at the SYMPATHETIC post-ganglionic cell?
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Norepinephrine
-acts on Adrenergic receptors |
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Describe the Sympathetic Post-ganglionic cell..
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-NE mainly acts on Adrenergic receptors
-Metabotropic, second messanger systems -2 major subtypes: --> alpha-1 (vasculature) ---> alpha-2 (presynaptic) ---> Beta-1 (heart) ---> Beta-2 (lungs) --> Beta 3 (fat) |
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Adrenergic
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"having to do with adrenaline"
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what type of response is present if ACh is released onto Nicotinic receptors?
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a rapid response is stimulated
-parasympathetic |
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What type of receptor is stimulated when there is a slow and prolonged response?
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Metabotropic
-doesn't form ion channels -uses G-proteins |
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Is there a specialized receptor on the end organ of the autonomic nervous system?
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NO
-a given area may be innervated by multiple post-ganglionic inputs -varicosities rather than discrete neuromuscular/effector junctions |
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where do pre-ganglion sympathetics originate?
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thoracic/lumbar cord (thoracolumbar)
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What are the NTs released by the sympathetic nervous system?
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pre-ganglionic: ACh
post-ganglionic: ACh, NE |
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Describe some classical functions of the sympathetic nervous system.
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"fight or flight"
-unleash metabolic resources -dilate pupils/bronchi -constrict skin/gut vascular systems -piloerection -increased heart rate/force of contraction -reduce/slow/stop vegetative functions -Adrenaline rush- release of (nor)epinephrine |
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what is the typical function of the sympathetic nervous system on a minute-minute basis?
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modulation of organ function
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what are the components of a typical spinal nerve?
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afferents: somatic sensory neuron, visceral sensory neuron
efferents: autonomic motor, somatic motor neuron |
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where do pre-ganglionic axons of the sympathetic nervous system project to?
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project to the thoracic chain the the thoracic/lumbar spinal cord.
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where do post-ganglionic axons project to?
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post ganglionic neurons project to the effector organ and release norepinephrine or epinephrine
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______ is a law unto itself.
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Adrenal gland
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what allows for digestive activity without any input from the central nervous system?
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Meissner's plexus and Myenteric plexus
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Why is the adrenal considered a law unto itself?
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Adrenal is a law unto itself because it could be considered a ganglion onto itself. Substances released from adrenal gland can be effectos on other organs.
--- it acts as a postsynaptic ganglion |
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where do pre-ganglionic of the parasympathetic nervous system originate?
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brain stem and sacral spinal cord
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where are the ganglion in relation to the effector organs located in the parasympathetic nervous system?
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ganglia typically located near target organs
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what cranial nerves provide a substantial amount of parasympathetic innervation?
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III occulomotor
VII facial IX glosspharyngeal X Vagus |
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what nucleus is the parasympathetic nucleus of CN III?
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Edinger Westphal Nucleus located in the midbrain
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what nucleus is the parasympathetic nucleus of CN VII?
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Lacrimal nucleus
Superior Salvitory nucleus |
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what nucleus is the parasympathetic nucleus of CN IX?
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Inferior salvitory nucleus
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what is the parasympathetic nucleus of cranial nerve X?
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dorsal motor nucleus of vagus
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what spinal segments make up the pelvic splanchnic nerves?
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S2-S4
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what type of actions do the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems have on one another?
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often complimentary and opposing actions
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True or False
In many cases parasympathetic and sympathetic innervate the same organ system. |
True
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Describe the parasympathetic and sympathetic actions on the lungs.
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Sympathetic activity of the lungs relaxes the airways
Parasympathetic activity constricts the airways |
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what are the actions of the sympathetic and parasympathetic innervation on the salivary glands?
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parasympathetics and sympathetics act in concert on the salivary glands.
-increase secretion -increase diameters of the ducts |
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True or False.
There is no opposing action of the parasympathetic system on the Adrenal glands. |
True
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Where in the body is there no opposing action of the parasympathetic system?
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1. Adrenals
2. Vessels, sweat glands, piloerector in head 3. Upper and lower extremeties 4. Liver 5. Gall Bladder |
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If there is no opposing action of the parasympathetic system in an organ how does the stimulation stop?
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the activity of the parasympathetic nervous system must decay over time if there is no sympathetic modulation
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Describe the actions of the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous system on male sexual activity.
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both the parasympathetic and sympathetic systems work in concert
1. Erection -- parasympathetic activity (ACh, NO) cause vasodilation of penile blood vessels -- Decreased sympathetic activity results in relaxation of corpora, facilitating filling 2. Emission -- Increased sympathetic activity causes smooth muscle contractions in vas deferens, distal epididymis, accessory sex glands 3. Ejaculation --spinal reflex (in response to emission) via somatic motor neurons in sacral cord |
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what causes vasodilation, engorgement of clitoris, vaginal narrowing, and lubrication during female sexual activity?
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parasympathetic activity
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what contributes to the female orgasm?
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spinal reflex
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does the sympathetic or the parasympathetic play a more dominate role in bladder function?
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If filling of the bladder the sympathetic nervous system plays a dominate role.
-sympathetic activation inhibits parasympathetic action -B-activation suppresses muscular contractions that cause the bladder emptying -alpha activation controls closing of the internal sphincter |
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does the sympathetic or parasympathetic system play a more dominant role in the emptying of the bladder function?
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Emptying parasympathetic dominates.
-reduced sympathetic activation relieves inhibition of parasympathetic actions, relaxes internal sphincter -muscular contractions cause bladder emptying |
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what may be associated with autonomic disfunction?
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hypothalamic disease, brain stem disorders, spinal cord disease or damage, and peripheral nervous system damage
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describe some manifestations of autonomic disfunction?
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manifestations include impairments of the vegetative functions including the maintenance of blood pressure, heart rate, pupil function, sweating, reproductive and urinary function, and digestion
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what are the most common signs of an ANS impairment?
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1. a drop in blood pressure when a person is standing or stands up suddenly
-orthostatic hypertension 2. a drop in blood pressure within one hour of eating a meal -postprandial hypertension |
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what causes catecholamine disorders?
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catecholamines are Norepinephrine and epinephrine
-synthesis -packaging -clearance there can be a problem with any of these steps of a catecholamine pathway |
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what is the transporter responsible for packaging and transport of NE/EPI?
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vesicular monoamine transporter type 2 (VMAT2)
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describe the biosynthetic pathway of epinephrine.
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L-Tyrosine -- L-DOPA -- Dopamine -- Norepinephrine -- Epinephrine
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what ANS disorder is characterized by a defect in Tyrosine-hydroxylase?
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Tetrahydrobiopterin Deficiency
-defect in conversion of L-Tyrosine to L-DOPA -a defect in enzymes required for the synthesis of catecholamines -results in NT deficiency -symptoms begins 2-8 months of age -unstable body temperatures, swallowing difficulties, hypersensitivation, pinpoint pupils, ptosis of the eyelids, decreased mobility, drowsiness, and irritability. |
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describe Aromatic L-Amino Acid Decarboxylase Deficiency (AAAD)
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biosynthetic pathway deficiency
-L-DOPA to Dopamine -catalyzes the decarboxylation of aromatic amino acids --dopa to dopamine, tryptophan to tryptamine, hydroxytryptophan to serotonin -symptoms include: thermoregulatory difficulties, drooping eyelids, hypersensitive, distal chorea, difficulty swallowing, drowsiness, irritability, truncal hypotonia, pinpoint pupils |
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what is caused by an absence of DBH, the enzyme involved in conversion of dopamine to norepinephrine.
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Dopamine-beta-hydroxalase deficiency (DBH)
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describe the signs and symptoms of DBH.
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-congenital, non-hereditary form of severe orthostatic hypotension, sympathetic noradrenergic denervation and adrenomedullary failure but intact vagal and sympathetic cholinergic function
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a patient present with: childhood history of impaired exercise tolerance, fatigue, and episodes of syncope. Symptoms from orthostatic intolerance become worse in late adolescence and in early adulthood.
Patient is experiencing more intense symptoms due to orthostatic intolerance in the morning hours, heat and after alcohol consumption and does not experience the symptoms after eating. Upon the physical examination the patient has low blood pressure and low heart rate. In the up right position systolic pressure always falls below 80 mmHg. compensatory rise in heart rate is completely preserved. Sweating is normal, and the pupils may be somewhat small, but response to light and accomodation. orthostatic hypotension has not been documented before the age of 20. what does your patient have? |
DBH
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true or false
70-90% or NE is taken up by pre-synaptic reuptake mechanism. |
True
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what type of deficit is characterized by orthostatic intolerance and lower basal heart rate?
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NE transporter deficitys
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why do patients with NE transporter deficits suffer from orthostatic intolerance?
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HR may increase grater than 30 bpm upon standing
this is because of over-activation of post-synaptic cell |
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what causes patients with NE transporter deficits to have a lower basal heart rate?
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Increased sympathetic inhibition lowers heart rate
-pre-synaptic cells act as feedback loop |
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what type of disorder is Pheochromocytoma?
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Catecholamine disorder
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what type of tumor is made up of chromaffin tissue of the adrenal medulla or sympathetic paraanglia?
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Pheochromocytoma
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what is the most apparent symptom of Pheochromocytoma?
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reflecting the increased secretion of epinephrine and norepinephrine, is persistent or intermittent hypertension
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What can initiate an attack produced by a pheochromocytoma?
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attacks may occur every few months or several times daily and typically lost less than five minutes. Physical and emotional stresses can initiate an attack
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what is the clinical presentation of someone with pheochromocytoma?
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during severe attacks, patients may experience headache, sweating, apprehension, palpation, tremor, pallor or flushing of the face, nausea and vomiting, pain in the chest and abdomen, and paresthesias of the extremities, weight loss, anad orthostatic hypotension.
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what would you expect to find in the imaging of the adrenal gland in a patient who had a pheochromocytoma?
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adrenal gland greatly increased in size
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describe a urogenital neuropathy
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difficulty knowing bladder is full, or controlling bladder function. Incomplete emptying may lead to bladder infection. Impotence or lack of normal ejaculation
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Describe a GI neuropathy.
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slowed stomach emptying (gastroparesis), difficulty swallowing, constipation, diarrhea
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glucose levels may not be properly detected, may also be secondary to GI dysfunction.
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hypoglycemia
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orthostatic hypotension
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blood pressure may drop sharply after sitting or standing
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what is implicated in Irritable Bowel Syndrome, Eating disorders, coronary artery disease, and alzheimer's disease?
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AUTONOMIC DISFUNCTION
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Acetylcholine
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Excitatory
Precursor: Choline + Acetyl CoA Rate limiting: CAT Removal: AChEase Type of vesicle: small, clear |
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Glutamate
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Excitatory
Precursor: Glutamine RLS: Glutaminase Removal: Transporters Vesicle: small & clear |
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GABA
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Inhibitory
Precursor: Gluatmate RLS: GAD Removal: Transporters Vesicle: small & clear |
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Glycine
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Inhibitory
Precursor: Serine RLS: Phosphoserine Removal: transporters Vesicle: small dense core or large irregular core |
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Catecholamines
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Excitatory
Precursor: Tyrosine RLS: Tyrosine hydroxylase Removal: transports, MAO, COMT Vesicle: small dense core or large irregular shape |
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Serotonin (5-HT)
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Excitatory
Precursor: Tryptophan RLS: Tryptophan hydroxylase Removal: Transporters, MAO Vesicle: large dense core |
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Histamine
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Excitatory
Precursor: histidine RLS: histidine decarboxylase Removal: transporters Vesicle: large dense core |
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ATP
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excitatory
precursor: ADP rls: mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation removal: hydrolysis to AMP or adenosine vesicle: small clear |
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Neuropeptides
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Excitatory & inhibitory
precursors: amino acids rls: synthesis and transport removal: proteases vesicle: large dense core |
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endocannabinoids
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inhibits inhibition
precursors: lipids rls: enzymatic modification of lipids removal: hydrolysis of FAAH |
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Nitric Oxide
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excitatory and inhibitory
precursor: arginine rls: nitric oxide synthase removal: spontaneous oxidation |
