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130 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Receptor
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it is some type of sensor that monitors and responds to changes in the environment
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Control center
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determines the level (set point) at which a variable is to be maintained
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Effector
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provides the means for the control center’s response (output) to the stimulus
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Superior
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toward the head or upper part of the body (shoulders to head)
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Inferior
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away from the head or tows the lower part of the body (butt to legs)
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Ventral
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toward or at front of the body (back to chest)
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Dorsal
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toward the backside of the body (quad to hamstring)
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Medial
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toward the midline of the body (arm to the heart)
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Lateral
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away from the midline of the body (heart to the arm)
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Proximal
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close to the origin of the body
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Distal
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farther from the origin of the body
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Superficial (external)
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toward or at the body surface (skin is proximal to the skeleton)
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Deep (internal)
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away from the body surface
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Median (midsagittal)
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e.g. samurai cutting straight down the body with a sword
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Frontal (coronal) plane
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e.g. samurai stabs straight through your side separating dorsal and ventral planes.
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Transverse plane
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e.g. samurai cute across your body
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Mediastinum
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separates the lungs into right and left cavities in the thoracic cavity
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Diaphragm
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dome- shaped muscle that contributes to breathing
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Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins, Nucleic acids
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4 Macromolecules
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Carbohydrates
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variations of combos between C, H, O
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Disaccharides
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double sugars
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Monosaccharaides
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broken down disaccharides rides through hydrolysis
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Triglycerides
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composed of fatty acids and glycerol-when oxidized, they yield large amounts of energy-stored chiefly in fat deposits
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Phospholipids
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allows cells to be selective about what can enter/leave-form insulating white matter for brain/nervous tissue
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Steroids
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flat molecules with interlocking rings
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Cholesterol
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basic building block for all steroids
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Amino acids
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building blocks of proteins
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Structural proteins
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fibrous proteins that bind structures together an provide strength in body tissues
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Globular proteins
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proteins that are spherical molecules that aid in chemical reactions and biological processes
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Nucleic acids
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make up genes- direct growth and development
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Nucleotides
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building blocks of nucleic acids
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adenine-guanine-cytosine-thymine-uracil-DNA-RNA
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some nucleic acids
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Nucleus
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headquarters of cell. contains DNA
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Nuclear envelope (membrane)
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double membrane barrier which encloses nucleus
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Nuclear pores
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penetrate through fused regions of the nuclear envelope
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Nucleoli
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small, dark bodies. sites where ribosomes are assembled
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Chromatin
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bumpy spaghetti-like threads that are scattered in the nucleus when the cell is not dividing. formed by DNA and proteins
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Chromosomes
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rod-like bodies which form from condensed chromatin
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Plasma membrane
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fragile barrier that contains cell contents and separates them from the surrounding environment
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Microvilli
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fingerlike projections that increase the cell’s surface area for absorption
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Tight junctions
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impermeable junctions that bind cells together into leak proof sheets
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Desmosomes
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anchoring junctions that prevent cells subjected to mechanical stress from being pulled apart
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Peroxisomes
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membranous sacs containing powerful oxidase enzymes that use molecular oxygen to detoxify a number of harmful or poisonous substances
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Free radicals
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highly reactive chemicals with unpaired electrons that can scramble the structure of proteins and nucleic acids
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Gap junctions
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mainly allow communication
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Connexons
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found in gap junctions. cylinders which connect neighboring cells
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Cytoplasm
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cellular material outside nucleus and inside plasma membrane. Site of most cellular activities
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Cytosol
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fluid that suspends other elements
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Organelles
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metabolic machinery of cell
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Inclusions
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chemical substances that may or not be present in the cell
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Mitochondria
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supply most of ATP in the cell
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Ribosomes
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site of protein synthesis in the cell
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Endoplasmic reticulum
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provides network of channels for carrying substances
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Rough ER
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studded with ribosomes. Cell’s membrane factory
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Transport vesicles
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carry proteins from rough ER
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Smooth ER
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functions in lipid metabolism and the detoxification of drugs and pesticides
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Golgi apparatus
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found close to the nucleus- principal traffic director for cellular proteins
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Cytokinesis
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division of the cytoplasm
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Cutaneous Membrane
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Dermal membrane
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Mucous Membranes(mucosa)
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Composed of epithelium resting on a loose connective tissue membrane called a lamina propria- Lines all body cavities that open to the exterior
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Serous Membranes(serosa)
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Composed of a layer of simple squamous epithelium resting on a thin layer or areolar connective tissue- Line body cavities that are closed to the exterior
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Peritoneum
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serosa lining the abdominal cavity and covering its organs
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Pleura
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membrane surrounding the lungs
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Pericardium
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membrane surrounding the heart
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Keratin
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cornified (hardened) to help prevent water loss from the body surface
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Cutaneous sensory receptors
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tiny nerve receptors which include touch, pressure, temperature, and pain receptors
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Blister
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occurs when the epidermis and dermis are separated by a burn or an aggravating friction
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stratum corneum
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Thickest part of the epidermal layers (3 quarters of the whole epidermis)
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Stratum lucidum
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Daughter cells become finally die and forms the clear layer
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Stratum granulosum
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Daughter cells reach this layer and become flattened and increasingly full of keratin (3rd from deep layer)
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Stratum spinosum
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Daughter cells reach this layer and become flattened and increasingly full of keratin (2nd from deep layer)
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Stratum basale
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Receives the most adequate nourishment via diffusion of nutrients from the dermis-Constantly goes through cell division- Daughters are pushed up to the next layers
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Keratinocytes
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produce fibrous protein that makes the epidermis a tough protective layer
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Melanin
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a pigment that ranges in color from yellow to brown to black produced by spider-shaped cells
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Dermis
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Strong and stretchy envelope that holds the body together
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Papillary layer
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The upper dermal region-uneven and has peg-like projections from its superior surface
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Dermal Papillae
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Indents the epidermis above- contains capillary loops which furnishes nutrients to the epidermis
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Deepest skin layer
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Contains blood vessels, sweat and oil glands, and deep pressure receptor called Pacinan corpsucles
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Collagen and elastic fibers
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Collagen provides toughness of the dermis- elastic fibers provide the elasticity
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Sebum
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a mixture of oily substances and fragmented cells
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Contact dermatitis
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itching, redness, and swelling of the skin, progressing to blistering.
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Impetigo
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pink, water-filled, raised lesions that develop a yellow crust and eventually rupture
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Psoriasis
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a chronic condition characterized by overproduction of skin cells that result in reddened epidermal lesions covered with dry, silvery scales that itch, burn, crack, and sometimes bleed
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Cold sores
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small fluid-filled blisters that itch and sting, caused by a herpes simplex infection.
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Hematopoiesis
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blood cell formation
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Diaphysis
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shaft that makes up most of the bone's length
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Periosteum
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the fibrous connective tissue that covers and protects the diaphysis
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Perforating fibers
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secure the periosteum to the underlying bone
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Epiphyses
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ends of the long bone
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Articular cartilage
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covers epiphyses
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Epiphyseal plat
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growth plate
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Osteoarthritis
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a chronic degenerative condition that typically affects the aged
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Rheumatoid arthritis
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Symmetrical crippling auto immune deterioration of the joints.
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Gout
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Uric acid deposits build up in joints causing needle shaped crystals to build up.
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Osteoporosis
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bone thinning disease more common in women than men
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Lacunae
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tiny cavities found in the bone matrix that hold osteocytes
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Lamellae
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concentric circles in the bone matrix
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Central (Haversian) canals
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Canaliculi
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tiny canals within an osteon that radiate from central canal to all lacunae
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Perforating (Volkmann's) canals
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run through compact bone art right angles the shaft
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Ossification
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process of bone formation
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Osteocyte
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Bone Cell
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Osteoblast
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Builds Bone. Form from Osteocytes
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Osteoclast
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Breaks down old bone. Form from Macrophages.
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Bursae
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flattened fibrous sacs lined with synovial membrane and containing a thin film of synovial fluid. They are common where ligaments, muscles, skin, tendons, or bones rub together.
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Tendon sheath
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an elongated bursa that wraps completely around an tendon subjected to friction
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Endomysium
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a delicate connective tissue sheathe that surrounds each muscle fiber
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Perimysium
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a coarser fibrous membrane that wraps several sheathed muscle fibers
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Fascicle
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a bundle of muscle fibers
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Epimysium
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an even tougher "overcoat" that bounds several fascicles together and covers the entire muscle
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Myofiber or myocyte
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a muscle cell
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Sarcolemma
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the plasma membrane of a muscle cell
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Sarcoplasm
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the cytoplasm of the muscle cell
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Sarcoplasmic reticulum
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the endoplasmic reticulum of a muscle cell
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Sarcosome
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the mitochondria of a muscle cell
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Sarcomere
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the contractile or functional unit of muscle
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Cross bridges
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projections, or myosin heads, that link the thick and thin filaments together during contraction
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Thin filaments
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are composted of the contractile proteins called actin, plus some regulatory proteins that play a role in allowing (or preventing) myosin head-binding to actin
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Motor unit
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one neuron and all the skeletal muscle cells it stimulates
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Axon
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a long threadlike extension of the neuron
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Axon terminals
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the branching of an axon when it enters the muscle
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Neuromuscular junctions
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the junctions of an axon terminal with the sarcolemma of a muscle cell
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Synaptic cleft
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the gap between the axon terminals and the sarcolemma
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Neurotransmitter
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the general term for the chemical released when a nerve impulse reaches the axon terminals
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Acetylcholine
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the specific neurotransmitter that stimulates skeletal muscle cells which diffuses across the synaptic cleft and attaches to receptors that are part of the sarcolemma
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Muscle twitch
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(single, brief, jerky contractions) sometimes result from certain nervous system problems. Not a normal contraction.
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Fused or Tetanus
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when the muscle is stimulated so rapidly that no evidence of relaxation is seen and the contractions are completely smooth an sustained
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Unused or incomplete tetanus
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before a muscle's contractions are completely smooth or sustained
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Slow twitch Fibers (Red Fibers)
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muscles smaller in diameter, Large networks of capillaries and good blood flow, Red in color due to the protein Myoglobin
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Fast Twitch Fibers (White Fibers)
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muscles with Little blood supply, Fewer mitochondria, No myoglobin
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