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21 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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How does respiratory compensation affect blood pH?
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this adjust the Co2 levels, typically a very fast compensation but incomplete adjustment.
active when problem is metabolic |
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How does renal compensation affect blood pH?
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this adjusts the HCO3- levels, this is a slow process but very potent.
this compensates for respiratory and metabolic problems |
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What is the normal PCO2 range?
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35-45 mmHg
normal is 40 |
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What is the normal range for HCO3-?
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22-26 mEq/L
Normal is 24 |
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What is the normal range for PH?
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7.35-7.45
normal is 7.4 |
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What things can cause metabolic alkalosis?
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H+ loss or HCO3- gain?
ingestion of alkali hyperaldosteronism (Conn's syndrome) ECF volume contraction |
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How does ECF volume contraction affect metabolic alkalosis?
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this will increase or maintain Metabolic Alkalosis.
Due to- increased H+ loss via renin, angiotensin 2. angiotensin 2 takes UP Na+ and excretes H+, and HCO3- reabsoprtion Aldosterone (also released)- stimulates secretion of H+ from type A cells and K+ principal cells |
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How does hypokalemia affect metabolic alkalosis?
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this stimulates H+ secretion by type A intercalated cells, and reabsorbs K+
this intensifies the alkalosis |
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How does chloride affect metabolic alkalosis?
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hypocholremia facilitates H+ excretion.
with High levels of aldosterone, Na+ reabsortion and H+ excretion will be high. BUT without Cl- to co transport with Na+ (IN)- the collecting duct gets a negative potential. this potential facilitates the excretion of K+ and H+ |
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What is the treatment for metabolic alkalosis? what is the mechanism of action?
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treat with saline- this corrects saline responsive metabolic alkalosis.
the increased Cl speeds up Na+ uptake, so less negative lumen. H+ and K+ losses are reduced. |
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What things cause saline resistant metabolic alkalosis?
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mineralocoticoid excess (secreting tumor)
Saline resistance due to Na+ reabsorption by aldosterone- this favors H+ secretion and HCO3- reabsorption. |
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What things can cause metabolic acidosis?
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this is due to gain of H+ and HCO3-.
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What is type 1 Renal tubular acidoses?
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this is Distal- so H+ ATPase activity is reduced
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What is type 2 renal tubular acidoses?
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This is proximal- So Na+/H+ antiporter activity is reduced
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What is type 4 renal tubular acidoses?
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this is reduced formation of NH4+, (so can no longer pump out H+ after a period of time)
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What is the normal Anion Gap?
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8-16 mM
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What is the Anion gap equation?
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this is Na - (CL- + HCO3)
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How is the anion gap affected in acidoses?
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this is usually normal, due to bicarbonate loss
so the drop in CL is the same as the drop in HCO3 |
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When does the anion gap INCREASE?
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this happens when there is an excess of non-volatile acids, which produce H+, which lowers HCO3- levels, without changing Cl-.
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What are the 6 clinical causes of increased Anion Gap?
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lactic acidosis
Ketoacidosis Renal failure Salicylate poisoning Ethylene glycol Methalon |
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When does respiratory acidosis occur?
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this is due to impaired pulmonary excretion of CO2
due to reduced alveolar ventilation |
