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39 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Definition of compliance.
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change in volume over change in pressure
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An empysematous lung has a ___ compliance.
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high
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A fibrotic lung has a ___ compliance.
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low
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The lung follows slightly different curves when it inflates and deflates.
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hysteresis
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Hysteresis is determined by?
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tissue elastic forces
surface active elastic forces (determined by surfactant) |
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Surfactant ____ surface tension, which allows for?
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reduces
smaller alveoli (partial collapse) and decreases pressure reulting in maintaining patency of alveoli |
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The lung volume at which the sum of the chest wall and lung pressures are equal
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Functional residual capacity
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The ___ of the lung receives more ventilation.
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bottom
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There is more perfusion at the ____ of the lung.
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base
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West Zone 1
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PA > Pa > Pv, not seen in healthy individuals, heavily favors ventilation over perfusion
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West Zone 2
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Pa > PA > Pv, perfusion changes w/ inspiration, pulsatile flood flow
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West Zone 3
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Pa> Pv> PA at the base of the lung, capillaries open all the time, resulting in good perfusion
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V/Q mismatch is much greater at the ____ of the lung.
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apex
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An alveolus w/ ventilation but no perfusion is ____ w/ a V/Q approaching ___.
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dead space, infinity
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An alveolus w/ perfusion w/ no ventilation is a ______ w/ a V/Q or ____.
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shunt, zero
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Shunt fraction equation.
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Qs/Qt = (CcO2 - CaO2)/(CcO2 - CvO2)
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O2 content equation
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O2 content = (1.39*Hb*Sat/100) + 0.003pO2
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Dead space equation
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Vd/Vt = (PaCO2 - PeCO2)/PaCO2
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Major muscles of inhalation.
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diaphragm, external obliques
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Major muscles of exhalation.
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usually passive, internal obliques, and abdominal muscles
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Accessory muscles
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sternocleidomastoid, scalenes, and serratus anterior
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The bellows get the air as far as the ?
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terminal bronchioles, from there it is up to diffusion
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Major resistance to flow in airway
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segmental bronchi
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To become fully oxygenated a RBC only needs ?
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0.25 seconds
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RBC spends how long in capillary bed?
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0.25 to 0.75 seconds
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Why does RBC have 3 times as much time as it needs to become oxygenated?
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b/c of times of stress you can increase your HR and still have RBCs fully oxygenated
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How do we have a full saturation of Hb when HR is increased by 6-7 X?
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recruiting capillaries we do not normally use
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What are four things that can cause Hb to give up O2 more easily (shift curve to right)?
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increased temp, increased metabolism (DPG), increased CO2, increased H+
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Most O2 in blood is?
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bound to hemoglobin
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Bohr effect
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with increased CO2, Hb gives up O2 more easily
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Haldane effect
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CO2 transport is increased with low O2 levels and is diminished w/ high O2 levels
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Some CO2 is converted by ____ producing H2CO3 which yields HCO3- and H+.
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carbonic anhydrase
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The A-a gradient is ____ in hypoventilation.
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normal (5-10)
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Breathing 100% O2 will correct every cause of hypoxemia except ?
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shunt
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In acid base imbalance the lungs act ___ while the kidneys take ____
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quickly, 24-48 hours
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5 causes of hypoxemia
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decreaed PiO2
hypoventilation impaired diffusion VQ mismatch R to left shunt (AVM) |
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A-a gradient will be ___ with decreaed PiO2 or hypoventilation.
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normal
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A-a gradient will be ___ with impaired diffusion, VQ mismatch, or shunt.
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increased
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The HCO3/CO2 ratio is kept around
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20
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